Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
Man in charge of Public Information comittee
Bernard Baruch
Leader of War Industries board, board served little purpose, disbands after WII
Henry Cabot Lodge
Anti Wilsonian senator, who first tried to prevent the Treaty of Versailles, then tried to edit it and lastly simply voted against it.
James M. Cox
Democratic candidate of 1920 election, looses to Harding.
Self-Determination
Concept of a people getting the right to determine who their ruler is
Collective security
 security exchange where one state looks after another and vice versa.
Normalcy
A return to the original ways of life in the US, without Wilsoninan compassion and empathy
Zimmerman Note
Telegram involving Germany’s indirect attack on the us when it asked mexico to attack the us
Fourteen Points
14 points made by Wooddrow Wilson for the sake to ensuring that WWI would be the last war.
League of Nations
International organization made and meant to settle international disputes
Committee on Public Information
Headed by creel, propaganda disceminating society
Espionage and Sedition Acts
made for the purpose of maintaining public order during the war
Industrial Workers of the World
decidedly anti war organization
War Industries Board
headed by baruch, didn’t serve much purpose
Nineteenth Amendment
allowed women to vote
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover, told people that they should help conserve food and supplies for the troops abroad
Irreconcilables
Hiram Johson and William Borrah, both discontent with Wilsonina Ideals present in the Treaty of Versailles.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty made by the Big 4 america, England, france, Italy in Versailles which introduced league of nations, limited german powers and assigned
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare restarts- breaks Sussex pledge sinks 4 merchant ships, Zimmerman telegraph intercepted, Americans learn about German Promise to Mexico to stall America so Germany could attack for them later
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin –montana first female congresswoman
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
1) “To make the world safe for Democracy”, other countries wanted money or land from war
2) “Peace without victory”, America didn’t want to win, it wanted to end the war
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
1) Abolish all secret treaties- good for liberals
2) Freedom of the seas- good for germans and anti brits
3) International economic barrier removal- liberals
4) Reduction of armament burdens- good for taxpayers
5) Adjustment of colonization policy- good for antiimperialists
Self Determination
14) League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Committee on Public Information- Controlled by George Creel, used for pro war propaganda, used 4 minute men as speech givers around the countries. Anti german films/posters
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D.Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Espionage Act made it so that people could be arrested if suspected as spies (Eugene V. Debs and William D. Haywood/ Big Bill of IWW Industrial Workers of the World)
Sedition Act allowed arrest for saying dangerous things
Scheck V supreme court, dangerous things could be national threat
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Americans were afraid of big government and didn’t like the idea of government controlling production, Council of National Defense only for review, Bernard Baruch of War Industries Board did nothing, Board dissolved after armistice
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Limited/reset labor movement progress
Work or fight policy
Inflation catching on to new wages
1919 steel strike 250,00
30,000 black strike breakers sent
National War Labor Board
Controlled by Taft, helped workers get more pay and 8 hours
American Federation of Labor AF of L with Samuel Gompers supported war
Rewarded with more members
IWW Industrial Workers of world or Wobblies or I Wont Works sabotaged efforts
Race Riots in Chicago and St Louis Black V White
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Divided
National Women’s Party lead by Alice Paul condemned war
Majority NAWSA (National American Womans Suffrage Association) supported war
Women began to take jobs, and asked for suffrage
19th Amendment 1920
Congress supported women with Sheppard-Towner Manternity Act, instructions for childcare
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Food Administration Lead by Hero Herbert C hoover who fed starved Belgium
Proposed conservative eating habits, kinda forced
Lead to 18th Amendment, no alcohol
Fuel Administration
Conservative resource use kinda forced
Bonds/ Loans, forced
Yes, too intrusive
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Effective yes, fair no, effective in raising 4 million man army without a hitch, unfair due to segregation of black and white troops, black troops usually did manual labor (women also admitted)
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
5,000 were sent to Archangel to prevent Germans from taking Russian munitions
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Marshal Foch of France used American troops with French ones to great effectiveness at second battle of marne, Perishing got own battle at Meuse-Argonne Offensive lost 120,000 men Alvin York killed 20 captured 132
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Food, weapons, money, men, intimidation
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
His instance of being at odds with Lodge by not letting him be senate committee on Foreign Relations
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Llyod George- England
Clemenceau- France
Orlando- Italy
His need for the League of Nations was beneath his need for the prevention of imperialism/ the taking of the territories and colonies of defeated powers. Wilson instead forced the delegates to compromise between imperialism and wilsoninan idealism, creating areas that are held by winning countries as trustees of the league of nations ex. Syria to France and Iraq to Britain so that they would agree to his league of nations.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Borah and Johnson were “irreconcilables” / “battalion of death” who strongly against the League of Nations. 39 republican senators told Wilson that he must edit his treaty first.
Wilson fought with France over Rhineland and Saar valley rich with coal to not take but hold for 15 years. Wilson settled a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over the seaport of fiume by letting the port go to Yugoslavia. He also disputed with Japan over china’s Shangdong province and pacific islands, he mandated Japan let the islands go but had to let them hold Shangdong until an unspecified date, breaking self-determination. In words of Clemenceau Wilson talks like god acts like Lloyd George.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his 14 points, keeping only four due to conflicting interests of the other allied nations, so he had to sacrifice the less important ones for the ones that were critical, like the league of nations.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The Anti Germans thought the treaty was far too lax, the liberals thought the treaty was too harsh, the minorities (hyphenated Americans) and Germans thought the treaty unfavorable/ cruel to their respective nations and the Irish thought that the treaty gave Britain too much sea power.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Upon Wilson’s return, Senator Lodge was determined to republicanize or senatorialize the Treaty of Versailles so that he could claim political credit, to do this he stalled the senate and divided public opinion by using various people of differing nationalities to grieve about the Treaty. Wilson conducted his tour to convince the American people towards the merits of the treaty, though treated coldly in the German filled Midwest, on The Rockies and the Western coast welcomed him with fervor, it was there that he passed out and took the “funeral train” back to Washington. He was also followed by irreconcilables
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Senator tacked onto the treaty the Lodge Reservations (14 to be exact) which essentially nurtured the Wilsoninan aspects of the treaty, causing Wilson to command the Democrats to reject the treaty. After 2 rejections, the senate simply dropped the matter.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
Wilson had planned to settle the matter of the Treaty of Versailles with a “Solemn Referendum” during the 1920 election. The election was between Republican Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as Vp and Democrat James Cox with Franklin D. Roosevelt as Vp vs Eugene Debs. The senate bosses instructed Harding to stay on the fence over the treaty issue and after the death of Theodore Roosevelt in 1919, all the bull moosers returned along with the old guard to the GoP, Harding won a with crushing force. People clambered for normalcy, or the return from wilsonian idealism to normal no foreign entanglements policies.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Partially, though the contributions of the Us amounted to little in terms of actual involvement, the main fault of the treaty was that none of the allies were willing to loose their chance to humiliate Germany. It should be noted however, that the Us is to blame for the League of Nations, which they backed out of and the same with France’s Security Treaty.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Entirely, though Wilson’s plan was brilliant on paper, in practice it amounted to little due to the lack of both external cooperation from foreign nations and lack of internal cooperation from the very people that Wilson empowered, the American People.
George Creel
Man in charge of Public Information comittee
Bernard Baruch
Leader of War Industries board, board served little purpose, disbands after WII
Henry Cabot Lodge
Anti Wilsonian senator, who first tried to prevent the Treaty of Versailles, then tried to edit it and lastly simply voted against it.
James M. Cox
Democratic candidate of 1920 election, looses to Harding.
Self-Determination
Concept of a people getting the right to determine who their ruler is
Collective security
 security exchange where one state looks after another and vice versa.
Normalcy
A return to the original ways of life in the US, without Wilsoninan compassion and empathy
Zimmerman Note
Telegram involving Germany’s indirect attack on the us when it asked mexico to attack the us
Fourteen Points
14 points made by Wooddrow Wilson for the sake to ensuring that WWI would be the last war.
League of Nations
International organization made and meant to settle international disputes
Committee on Public Information
Headed by creel, propaganda disceminating society
Espionage and Sedition Acts
made for the purpose of maintaining public order during the war
Industrial Workers of the World
decidedly anti war organization
War Industries Board
headed by baruch, didn’t serve much purpose
Nineteenth Amendment
allowed women to vote
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover, told people that they should help conserve food and supplies for the troops abroad
Irreconcilables
Hiram Johson and William Borrah, both discontent with Wilsonina Ideals present in the Treaty of Versailles.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty made by the Big 4 america, England, france, Italy in Versailles which introduced league of nations, limited german powers and assigned
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare restarts- breaks Sussex pledge sinks 4 merchant ships, Zimmerman telegraph intercepted, Americans learn about German Promise to Mexico to stall America so Germany could attack for them later
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin –montana first female congresswoman
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
1) “To make the world safe for Democracy”, other countries wanted money or land from war
2) “Peace without victory”, America didn’t want to win, it wanted to end the war
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
1) Abolish all secret treaties- good for liberals
2) Freedom of the seas- good for germans and anti brits
3) International economic barrier removal- liberals
4) Reduction of armament burdens- good for taxpayers
5) Adjustment of colonization policy- good for antiimperialists
Self Determination
14) League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Committee on Public Information- Controlled by George Creel, used for pro war propaganda, used 4 minute men as speech givers around the countries. Anti german films/posters
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D.Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Espionage Act made it so that people could be arrested if suspected as spies (Eugene V. Debs and William D. Haywood/ Big Bill of IWW Industrial Workers of the World)
Sedition Act allowed arrest for saying dangerous things
Scheck V supreme court, dangerous things could be national threat
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Americans were afraid of big government and didn’t like the idea of government controlling production, Council of National Defense only for review, Bernard Baruch of War Industries Board did nothing, Board dissolved after armistice
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Limited/reset labor movement progress
Work or fight policy
Inflation catching on to new wages
1919 steel strike 250,00
30,000 black strike breakers sent
National War Labor Board
Controlled by Taft, helped workers get more pay and 8 hours
American Federation of Labor AF of L with Samuel Gompers supported war
Rewarded with more members
IWW Industrial Workers of world or Wobblies or I Wont Works sabotaged efforts
Race Riots in Chicago and St Louis Black V White
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Divided
National Women’s Party lead by Alice Paul condemned war
Majority NAWSA (National American Womans Suffrage Association) supported war
Women began to take jobs, and asked for suffrage
19th Amendment 1920
Congress supported women with Sheppard-Towner Manternity Act, instructions for childcare
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Food Administration Lead by Hero Herbert C hoover who fed starved Belgium
Proposed conservative eating habits, kinda forced
Lead to 18th Amendment, no alcohol
Fuel Administration
Conservative resource use kinda forced
Bonds/ Loans, forced
Yes, too intrusive
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Effective yes, fair no, effective in raising 4 million man army without a hitch, unfair due to segregation of black and white troops, black troops usually did manual labor (women also admitted)
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
5,000 were sent to Archangel to prevent Germans from taking Russian munitions
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
Marshal Foch of France used American troops with French ones to great effectiveness at second battle of marne, Perishing got own battle at Meuse-Argonne Offensive lost 120,000 men Alvin York killed 20 captured 132
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Food, weapons, money, men, intimidation
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
His instance of being at odds with Lodge by not letting him be senate committee on Foreign Relations
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Llyod George- England
Clemenceau- France
Orlando- Italy
His need for the League of Nations was beneath his need for the prevention of imperialism/ the taking of the territories and colonies of defeated powers. Wilson instead forced the delegates to compromise between imperialism and wilsoninan idealism, creating areas that are held by winning countries as trustees of the league of nations ex. Syria to France and Iraq to Britain so that they would agree to his league of nations.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Borah and Johnson were “irreconcilables” / “battalion of death” who strongly against the League of Nations. 39 republican senators told Wilson that he must edit his treaty first.
Wilson fought with France over Rhineland and Saar valley rich with coal to not take but hold for 15 years. Wilson settled a dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia over the seaport of fiume by letting the port go to Yugoslavia. He also disputed with Japan over china’s Shangdong province and pacific islands, he mandated Japan let the islands go but had to let them hold Shangdong until an unspecified date, breaking self-determination. In words of Clemenceau Wilson talks like god acts like Lloyd George.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise his 14 points, keeping only four due to conflicting interests of the other allied nations, so he had to sacrifice the less important ones for the ones that were critical, like the league of nations.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The Anti Germans thought the treaty was far too lax, the liberals thought the treaty was too harsh, the minorities (hyphenated Americans) and Germans thought the treaty unfavorable/ cruel to their respective nations and the Irish thought that the treaty gave Britain too much sea power.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Upon Wilson’s return, Senator Lodge was determined to republicanize or senatorialize the Treaty of Versailles so that he could claim political credit, to do this he stalled the senate and divided public opinion by using various people of differing nationalities to grieve about the Treaty. Wilson conducted his tour to convince the American people towards the merits of the treaty, though treated coldly in the German filled Midwest, on The Rockies and the Western coast welcomed him with fervor, it was there that he passed out and took the “funeral train” back to Washington. He was also followed by irreconcilables
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Senator tacked onto the treaty the Lodge Reservations (14 to be exact) which essentially nurtured the Wilsoninan aspects of the treaty, causing Wilson to command the Democrats to reject the treaty. After 2 rejections, the senate simply dropped the matter.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
Wilson had planned to settle the matter of the Treaty of Versailles with a “Solemn Referendum” during the 1920 election. The election was between Republican Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as Vp and Democrat James Cox with Franklin D. Roosevelt as Vp vs Eugene Debs. The senate bosses instructed Harding to stay on the fence over the treaty issue and after the death of Theodore Roosevelt in 1919, all the bull moosers returned along with the old guard to the GoP, Harding won a with crushing force. People clambered for normalcy, or the return from wilsonian idealism to normal no foreign entanglements policies.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Partially, though the contributions of the Us amounted to little in terms of actual involvement, the main fault of the treaty was that none of the allies were willing to loose their chance to humiliate Germany. It should be noted however, that the Us is to blame for the League of Nations, which they backed out of and the same with France’s Security Treaty.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Entirely, though Wilson’s plan was brilliant on paper, in practice it amounted to little due to the lack of both external cooperation from foreign nations and lack of internal cooperation from the very people that Wilson empowered, the American People.