Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer
Sec of states, Palmer raids on suspected communists
B. John T. Scopes
Teacher, sued for teaching evolution
C. Clarence Darrow
Defender of scopes in the Monkey Trial against WJB.
D. Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury of Hoover, during depression lowered taxes on rich to let industry grow
Frederick W. Taylor
improved efficiency of vehicle manufacture
Margaret Sanger
Leader of birth control movement
H L. Mencken
Writer- against marriage, democracy, middle class
Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
Ernest Hemingway
The sun also rises
Sinclair Lewis
First American winner of nobel literature prize
Buying on Margin
buying stocks for low down payments
Red Scare
People being afraid of communism in US following Bolshevik Russia’s collapse
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Case of two men killed due to their communistic affiliations
Emergency Quota Act 1921
set immigration at 3% of existing
Immigration Quota Act 1924
set immigration at 2% of existing
Volstead Act
Passed to enforce 18th amendment
Fundamentalism
People’s return to religion and the bible against science
Modernists
People who were more radical in thought
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Scare caused by successful Bolshevik revolution in 1917
Official “Red Scare” 1919-1920
General Strike in Seattle 1919 wanted armed forces to hold off reds
Fire & Brimstone Speakers again toured the country
Attorney General Michael A. Palmer started Palmer Raids arrested 6000+ people
The Buford “Red Arc” deported a number of communists
Sacco and Vanzetti trail was biased due to their political alignment, executed
Bosses used this opportunity to crack down on workers’ unions
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
1850s-nativism
1860s-antiblack sentiment
1920s- antiforeign, anti-Catholic, antidrunk, antievolutionist, anti everything that wasn’t WASP
Late 1920s, people gained common sense, Klan membership dropped signifigantly
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
Immigration too much after WWI, WASPs didn’t like it
Emergency Quota Act 1921- limited immigration to 3% of existing population
System that preferred Western Europe
Immigration Act 1924- immigration now at 2% of exiting population, Japanese barred completely
2 guys pissed at this
Philosopher Horace Kallen
Pluralism, need to bring in many cultures
Critic Randolph Borne
Cosmopolitanism, need cultures to make a large melting pot
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Following WWI Polish were poor and starving and so went to America to make money to return and buy land. Propaganda was a huge factor, embellishment of American life style. Different types of Poles due to Partitioning of Poland during 18th Century, American Warsaw=Chicago, Poles clustered in industrial centers
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
1919 18th amendment, enforced by Volstead Act
Prohibition popular in the south and the west, in south, people wanted to keep stimulants out of the hands of blacks, in the west, alcohol equaled all things bad
Immigrants however were used to drinking and so was the majority of the American population, what’s more the government was very lax and did not enforce alcohol as well as it should have, people simply made or bought their own alcohol. The rich bought, the poor cooked.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
A business of sorts that sprang up due to the prohibition, gangsters started their lively hoods revolved around alcohol, Chicago was especially problematic in this area. Al Capone took control in 1925, 1929 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre; Capone’s gang kills 7 unarmed rival gangs. Gansters expanded their industry to include prostitution, narcotics, arms dealing and even kidnapping, the death of the son of hero Charles Lindbergh caused the passage of the Lindbergh law which makes child abduction across state borders capable of causing death.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
Schools were getting ramped up in 1920s, almost ¼ students graduated high school, and schooling process was revolutionized by a man named John Dewey of Colombia University who emphasized teaching by doing. Healthcare also made it so that students would have a easier time, Rockerfeller Foundation in the south wiped out hookworm.
Clash of religion, sprouting of WASPy Fundamentalists, Dayton Tennesee teach John D. Scopes was accused of teaching evolution, prosecution went on for week, WJ Bryan came as a fundamentalist, Fundamentalists eventually won a hollow victory.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
Economy started going in 1919, hit a bump 1920-1921, then started running
Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon built up taxes to promote growth
Technology was advancing at an amazing pace, and new products were constantly being churned out
Cars were now available to everybody
To deal with these new products, businessmen turned to advertisers to promote their goods y making people unsatisfied with what they wanted
Bruce Barton writer of The Man Who Nobody Knew was an advertisement god
Credit based purchases were all the rage, get now pay later
Entertainment was on the rise, baseball, million dollar boxing gates
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Assembly line method, mass production technique
Henry Ford and Ransom Olds adapted the European engine
Frederick Taylor increased efficiency due to his reengineering of the manufacturing process
Fordism- production based on efficiency and interchangeable parts and uniform design
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Creation of thousands of new jobs to create cars, to obtain materials
Huge advancement of the petroleum industry
Luxuries like easily perishable food stuffs (fresh fruit)
Cars changed from luxuries to necessities
School Busses made consolidation of schools easy
Car accidents soared
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Dec 17 1903 at Kitty Hawk North Carolina Oriville Wight achieved flight for 12 seconds and 120 feet
1927 Charles Lindbergh the “Flyin’ Fool” flew across the Atlantic
Giant new industry of aviation born
new weapon discovered
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
Guliermo Marconi invents wireless telegraphy in the 1890s
Voice carrying radio in 1920s revolutionized everything, communication, entertainment, politics, sports and helped to bring the world closer together
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
1890s- Originally Peep Show Penny Arcades
1903- First real movie “The Great Train Robbery”
5 cent theaters- Nickelodeons
“Birth of a Nation”-glorifying KKK
hang the Kaiser type films during WWI
1927- First “Talkie”- The Jazz Singer
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
Population density shift to cities
Birth control movements- Margaret Sanger
National Women’s Party 1923- Alice Paul
Fundamentalism cooled down
Incorporation of sex into mass media
Looser/ more sinful dress styles for women, one piece bathing suit for example
Jazz movement
Joseph King Oliver
Jelly Roll Morton
Increased vulgarity in popular culture, kissing in public
Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes- writer
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)- Marcus Garvey
Meant to keep ”black dollars in black hands”
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
Following The Great War, Writers with youth and pomp
H. L. Mencken- the bad boy of Baltimore- American Mercury Magazine
Against democracy, marriage, prohibition, middle class
F. Scott Fitzgerald- This side of Paradise (bible for the young), The Great Gatsby,
New money getting crushed by old money
Theodore Dressier- pitfalls of social striving
Ernest Hemmingway- The Sun Also Rises, described war
William Faulkner- fictional paradise As I Lay Dying, Absalom! Absalom
Ezra Pound- Missourian, make it new!
T.S. Elliot- “The Waste Land” Poem
E.E. Cummings- potry
Eugene O’Neil- sexual deviant playwright\
Louis Armstrong- trumpeter
Frank Lloyd Wright- Architect, Art Deco, Empire State
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
Huge economic problem produced as result of over speculation on houses In 20s people selling stocks “on margin” or for low down payments, debts skyrocketed 23 billion 1921 Bureau of Budget created, meant to assist president, Mellon believed that high tax prevented the rich from investing in industry and prevented the growth of companies and lowered taxed for the rich lowering national debt and focusing tax burden on the middle class Bull Market=lots of violence and danger Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
Hoovers sec of Treasury
Herbert Hoover
President of US who believed that money to big corporations was the key to success
Albert B. Fall
Member of Harding’s Ohio Gang responsible for teapot dome
Robert LaFollette
Challenger of Davis and Coolidge
Alfred E. Smith
Challenger of Colidge who lost due to being drunk, catholic and foreign
Ohio Gang
Harding’s corrupt cabinet
Washington Conference
Conference over arms control
Kellogg-Briand Pact
agreement for contries to not wage war aginst one another
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
Tariff signed by Harding hiking the tariff up higher than it’s ever gone in an attempt to get foreign nations to pay war debts
Teapot Dome Scandal
Scandal of Albert Fall inHading’s cabinet in which he tried to sell national property
Dawes Plan
American economic plan to give money to germany, which would be given to europe which would be given to US
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Tariff passed by hoover in attempt to raise food prices to help farmers
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Organization made to give money to big corporations which would leak down to the common man.
Bonus Army
Force of veterens who occupied Washington demanding bonus payment, shut down by president Hoover with General MacArthur
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
A useless wag of the finger at Japan for seizing manchuria