36-40
xChapter #36: IDENTIFICATIONS
Joseph McCarthy or “McCarthyism”
US senator and famous red hunter who initially accused
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Couple alleged to be spies for Russia and excecuted during the cold war, the only individuals to be excecuted during “peace” time.
Adlai Stevenson
Opponent of Dwight D Eisenhower, a democrat who succeeded Truman due to Truman’s Conduct in the Korean War Affair by firing MacArthur
Richard Nixon
Famous red hunter who accused Alger Hiss of being a communist.
Yalta Conference
Confrence where FDR, Churchill and Stalin met for the last time, decided on policy for post war Germany and FDR asked Stalin to help with Japan by “giving” China to Russia
United Nations
created following Yalta conference with the exclusive purpose of promoting interest in international cooperation
Iron Curtain
Invisible yet unbreakable boundary between east and west europe
Berlin airlift
1948 event in which america continuously flew supplies to west Berliners who Stalin had cut off from use of railroads and roads
Containment
American foreign policy created by soviet specialist George Kennan that was to keep soviet communism where it was.
Truman Doctrine
Truman’s pledge to give 400 million to Turkey and Greece to fight communist influence
Marshall Plan
Plan created between Turman and Secretary of State George Marshall to pledge 12.5 billion to global reconstruction
National Security Act
called for creation of National Security Counscil, Department of Defense and the Central Inteligence Agency
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Created when Britain, France, Belgium, Luxeumberg, and the Netherlands entered into a defensive alliance with america
Taft-Hartley Act
Legislation forcing unions to pay dammages caused, outlawing all union (closed) shops and forcing union leaders to pledge an oath of loyalty.
Fair Deal
Truman’s anounced post 1948 internal policies
Thirty-eighth parallel
Line drawn between north and south Korea
NSC-68
Legislation that quadrupled the american military spending as a response to the cold war
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
GNP- gross national product
Taft Hartley Act- passed over Truman’s veto, outlawed all union (Closed) shops, made unions liable for damages and made union leaders swear against communism.
Council of Economic Advisors- created by Employment Act of 1946 to promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power, 3 member council to advise president
GI Bill- Officially the Servicemen’s readjustment act, made it easier for veterans to go to schools and to buy homes and start businesses (Veterans Administration to do the latter)
Following WWII from 1946 to 1947, the economy slumped, prices shot up and agitation increased, 1946, million man strike for auto industry workers.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Post WWII, the American people soared to affluence, as 4% of global population they commanded 60% of the global economy. Middle class standard shot up from 3,000 to10,000 per year and included 60% of Americans. The new citizens; norm was 2 cars per family with televisions and pools and other signs of wealth. Money lead to social movements’ success, allowed for civil rights, welfare programs like Medicare, and allowed American involvement in Cold War.
Majority of new jobs were white colored and they went to women, women became a fourth of the national workforce and this contrasted with the demands of the traditional female role and caused feminist revolt in 1960s.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
R and D- Research and Development the new term referencing to the method of scientific advancement made by the post WWII Americans.
Productivity- soared post WWII during 1950 Korean War, Americans’ productivity increased by more than 3 percent per year, productivity reinforced by fact that by 1970 90% of the school-aged children were enrolled. Americans in 1970 were twice as productive as they were in 1950, and as such quality of life doubled as well.
Following WWII, America was the only modernized nation not in ruins, and as such their wealth soared, part of it was due to the war economy, in which defense made up 10 percent of the national budget. US Research and Development took up he lead in development of aerospace, plastics and electronics. Cheap energy increased the rate of development, cheap energy from 1945 to 1970 spread power cords, highways, AC units across the nation. Farmers also benefitted from this increase in modern technology, due to new fertilizers and machinery(tractors), 1 farmer by 1950 could produce enough food for 15 people. By 1990s, farmers were only 2 percent of the population yet fed nearly everyone.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
The people’s mass movement to the suburbs created mass separation of formerly close families, causing books like Dr. Spock’s The Common Sense Books of Baby and Child Care, a book which capitalized by the fact that people no longer had the homely wisdom of parents and grand parents at hand. Furthermore, there was a huge population shift to the crescent area from Virginia to California known as the Sunbelt that exploded in population, and far outdistanced the former northeastern population center now called the Frost Belt and the Ohio valley area of industry states called the rust belt. Politically speaking, as the people moved to the Sunbelt, the political influence attached to them moved there as well, the nation was now politically redrawn.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
Federal Housing Authority (FHA)- Similar to VA in that it made it easier for homeowners to obtain suburban housing, but was racially biased towards whites and would often only loan to whites, with the exception of suburbs set aside as black suburbs, solidifying segregation.
Veterans Administration (VA) – with the FHA made loans for homeowners in suburbs easier to obtain
White Flight- the movement of white Americans from the industrial cities to suburbs
Levittown- towns built by the methods of the Levitt brothers who sprouted the first Levittown on Long Island by using the method of building with standardized plans and factory made parts.
As the affluence of America flooded out of the cities and into the suburbs, modern creations such as shopping malls and downtown shops sprang to creation to follow the wealth of America. African Americans and other peoples of color in turn took up residence in the large cities, which made them less affluent. This furthered racial segregation of whites and blacks, which is and was bad.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
Baby Boom- The post WWII increase in number of children caused by frequent tying of the knot between the returning soldiers and their lady friends. Caused huge echoes in the American economy.
The baby boom caused huge shockwaves in the American economy as its members grew to maturity, by 1950, more than 50 million babies had been added, which created a massive market for baby food manufacturers, as well as teachers, but this huge wave of children left many unemployed as they grew up. By the 1960s, this new group of many created a 20 billion dollar market for clothes and rock music. In the 1970s, Jeans were able to soar to popularity to match the tastes of the kids. When the 1980s rolled around, these kids became adults going through the American job market. When these kids finally met up and got married, they created a sizeable population jump in the 1990s comparable to that of the 40s and 50s
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)- set interest rates of 2 to 3 percent for the Americans taking loans on suburban housing
Levittowners- people with some college education and were 3rd or 4th generation
As the affluent middle class and working Americans went off to suburbs, social gathering locations like Women’s clubs and churches had a harder time gathering the spread out people. New American interests revolved around home improvement or home centered activities like the TV or home improvement. Suburbanites had continued to depend on cities for jobs but fought to maintain separation from cities, naming their dwellings after pastoral locations. African Americans started to move out to the suburbs in the 1980s increasing suburb diversity but white flight patterns endured.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
“The Buck Stops Here”- Truman’s responsibility was exemplified by this quote which was displayed on White House Desk.
Truman was stubborn, average, loyal, moral and hot-tempered all at the same time. Thrust into the presidents seat after FDR’s death, Truman rose to political success through a Kansas City political machine, but was lucky enough to not be tainted with a bad record. Truman took a hardline policy against the Russians, offending the Soviet Foreign Minister. Truman however, like Grant, was a bit incapable in that he was unable to reject the advances of his cronies and took to responding with hot anger to his critics. However, Truman had a strong sense of moral responsibility and was a very capable leader in that regard.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
Tehran Conference- First conference between FDR and Stalin in 1943
Yalta Conference- 1945 conference between FDR, Churchill and Stalin right before the fall of Nazi Germany where the allies finalized plans for Germany, Japan and created the United Nations, Stalin promised free elections in his parts of Easter Europe (he lied)
At the Yalta conference, FDR decided that Japan would be difficult to attack and sought Russian assistance. Due to Russia’s high number of casualties, Stalin was able to extract a high price for his assistance. In return for attacking Japan from Manchuria three months after Germany’s surrender, Stalin wanted south Sakhalin Island, the Railroads of China’s Manchuria, and special privileges in the two local seaports, Dairen and Port Arthur, essentially selling China to the soviets. Japan broke following the nuclear attacks by America but Russian maintained its hold and china became soviet, nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
Communism/Capitalism- Two conflicting socioeconomic philosophies of the US and USSR in reverse respective order.
Sphere of Influence- Zone in which the USSR controlled the countries within through force
The US’s policies caused the USSR to harbor distrust, the US and England were hesitant to open up a new front on western Germany when Russia paid a high price in lives to keep the Germans out of eastern Europe, the Americans and British also froze Germany out of the nuclear arms development, what’s more the US had rejected the USSR reconstruction aid which it gave to England causing severe distrust. Stalin opened up his sizeable sphere of influence to protect Russian interest, but the Americans in turn saw his actions as imperialist. Both countries were similar in that they had a history of missionary diplomacy through which they pushed out their governmental policies to others, and so the cold war a forty-year endeavor was launched.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Founded in 1944 by Western allies created in New Hampshire, meant to promote world trade by regulating currency exchange rates
World Bank- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development also created with the IMF for the purpose of giving aid to war torn areas.
Security Council- Created by the UN and dominated by the Big Five, England, France, America, China and the USSR to promote cooperation
General Assembly- Created by the UN to give smaller nations a voice
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/ World Health Organization (WHO)- created to benefit the people the world over
Following WWII, the IMF and the World Bank were set up by the western allies to promote reconstruction, with the US taking the lead, unlike following WWI. The UN was created and was ratified with haste in the Senate unlike the League of Nations, and embodied the many principles of Wilson’s 14 Points. The LoN presumed conflict; the UN presumed cooperation and created the Security Council to promote peace and the UNESCO, FAO and WHO to promote world health and wellbeing.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
Nuremberg- site of German War Crime Trials that took place following WWII, where all identified German leaders were tried and dealt with accordingly.
Hermann Goering- Foxy Goering took a cyanide pill hours before his noose
Big Four- America, England, USSR and France, which split post War Germany into four zones of occupation, with the exception of Berlin in the Russian territory, which was also split into four zones of occupation.
Iron Curtain- The invisible but unbreakable barrier set between Western and Eastern Europe drawn at the separation point of East and West Germany.
Berlin Airlift- An astounding example of American Resistance and dedication that was the continued flight of American supplies into the city of Berlin after the USSR had tried to send a message via the use of cutting the city and the western parts of it off from railroad and highways.
Germany was a great site of dispute, America and the allies came to the realization that they needed to allow Germany to return to former economic prosperity if Europe was to make a economic recovery of its own. However, war ravaged Germany exacted high and brutal reparations from Germany, which Stalin insisted that he had been promised at Yalta. Stalin was motivated by the threat of a reindustrialized Germany as well as the need for technology in industry-starved Russia. The Iron Curtain was then created between Eastern and Western Europe. In 1948, following German currency disputes, Stalin cut off all land routs to Berlin, sealing off the allied parts of Berlin and hoping to gain the city, in response, America began the Berlin Airlift, a process of daily deliveries of supplies to the west Berliners, with his bluff called, Stalin lifted the blockade of Berlin.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
George Kennan- American politician and Soviet specialist who created the Containment policy
Containment- Idea of keeping communism where it is and preventing it from spreading elsewhere by George Kenan
Reinhold Niebuhr- Protestant clergyman who denounced communism as the stuff of Satan and evil
Truman Doctrine- Doctrine pledging 400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey against Communism
Marshall Plan- Plan for global recovering pledging 12.5 billion, most of it to Europe, created by Truman’s secretary of state George C. Marshall
European Community (EC)- Western European group created for the purpose of joint recovery
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRAA)- organization through which the US gave 2 billion, which was then spread, around the world
Truman took on Keenan’s policy of Containment against the Soviets and started with the Truman Doctrine through which he aided the governments of Greece and Turkey against communism. He used ionization of the world and saw it as pro communist or pro democracy and used this as the base of his foreign policy. In response to the nations, France, Germany, and Italy possibly falling to the Soviet threat, Truman launched the Marshall plan but spiked it with terms unacceptable to the soviets, further alienating the Russians. To secure Middle Eastern oil, Truman recognized the Jewish state of Israel partially out of Holocaust sympathies against the wishes of most of the world.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
National Security Act- passed in 1974 creating the Department of Defense and the National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Department- to be in pentagon
Joint Chiefs of Staff- of Air force, Army and Navy
National Security Council- created to advise the president on security maters
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- Created to coordinate foreign intelligence
Voice of America- radio program reestablished in 1948 to broadcast American news beyond the iron curtain
Selective Service System- created in 1948 and reinstate drafting
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- France, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Britain signed the defensive alliance in 1948 and America agreed to join them, treaty signed in Washington in 1949, West Germany, Greece and Turkey also joined
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
Douglas MacArthur- American General in charge of settling down Japan, who made the Japanese adopt policies of anti-military policy and equal treatment for women and proceeded to end occupation
Jiang Jieshi- Nationalist leader of China who lost China to Mao Zedong and fled to Taiwan
Mao Zedong- Communist leader of China who was able to take over partially due to the aid he received via Stalin through Manchuria against Jiang Jieshi
H-bomb- created by J. Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein and exploded in 1952 at Bikini Atoll, in response to the Russian’s use of a nuclear bomb in 1949, the Russians exploded their hydrogen bomb in 1953
China as red was more troublesome to deal with, as it became another communist superpower. Russia was even more troublesome in that it speed along to develop its own nuclear powers, with pride and country at stake; Truman had to respond with further development of his own, despite warnings from Einstein and Oppenheimer.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
Smith Act- 1940 sedition act which caught 11 violaters in 1949 and brought them before the court of new york
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)- Congress created group in 1938 to investigate subversion
Richard M. Nixon- HUAC member and famous red hunter who in 1948 lead the chase after Alger Hiss accused him of being communist in the 1930s, found guilty of perjury in 1950
Alger Hiss- See above, sentenced to 5 years in prison
Joseph R. McCarthy- Uber Conservative red hunter
McCarran Internal Security Bill- passed in 1950 over Truman’s veto, called for arrest of people during a “Internal Security Emergency”
Julius and Ethel Rosenburg- couple accused of and executed during peacetime for the crime of spying for the reds
The conservative branch of the US government went too far to ensure safety of its people during this time, Truman’s 1970 “Loyalty Program” investigated a list of 90 supposedly red states and the Loyalty board investigated 3000 federal employees, the loyalty oaths on teachers were a bit extreme, the HUAC investigations did more harm than good, the Smith Act seemed unconstitutional and the McCarran Internal Security bill was way out of line.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Thomas E Dewey- Republican nominate in 1948 election
Strom Thurmond- Dixiecrat candidate from southern democratic states
Henry Wallace- vice president of Truman in his first term (after FDR’s death) also a candidate in 1948
Do nothing congress- The congress of Truman was republican dominated and as such were unwilling to take actions in accord with Truman
Point Four- Truman’s new policy of spending to maintain containment
Fair Deal- Truman’s intended internal policies following 1948 election
Truman’s domestic programs had many facets, the only ones to survive the southern democrat and republican congressmen were Social Securities act of 1950, Housing act of 1949 and a raise of the minimum wadge
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
38th parallel- above it in Korea the soviets accepted the Japanese surrender and the Americans accepted below it
Dean Acheson- Secretary of state under Truman
NSC-68- National Security Council 68 was passed due to Korean War and quadrupled military spending in america
Korean war was the first war between Democracy and Communism,
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
Pusan was where the south Koreans were forced into until MacArthur lead an American assault from Inchon and nearly conquered Korea until Chinese “Volunteers” attacked. MacArthur wanted to attack China in retaliation but was prohibited from doing so by Truman, who did not want to escalate the conflict. MacArthur began to complain in public, forcing Truman to fire him, but due to popularity, Mac Arthur was rehired.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20 What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
That American overreaction was the cause of the war
Chapter #37: IDENTIFICATIONS Earl Warren
Supreme court Justice who took the moral high road when it came to civil rights who tried ardently to get Eisenhower’s attention and support
Rosa Parks
African American woman who started the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of north Vietnam, supported by Russia
Ngo Dinh Diem
nationalist leader of south vietnam, supported by america
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Cannal and started the Suez Crisis.
Nikita Khruschev
Primier of the USSR following Stalin’s death who denounced Stalin’s policies but was still cold to the west
Fidel Castro
Communist revolutionary who overcame the nationalist Cuban government of Fulgencio Batista
Desegregation / integration
Policy taken with the Indian New Deal on Native Americans
massive retaliation
As advocated by Secretary of state John Dulles, this policy called for creation fo SAC to use colossal nuclear force in response to Chinese/Russian soviet movement.
military-industrial complex
Triangle of government, military and industry
Brown v. Board of Education
Defining case in civil rights movement, Supreme court rulled that separate is not equal
Geneva Conference
Conference opened up to discuss disarmament which lead to no results
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
predominantly western organization founded to contain communist advances in southeast asia
Hungarian Revolt
Revolt against the soviet Union that was crushed when the americans refused to and were unable to help due to Dulles’ new massive retaliation policy.
Suez Crisis
Crisis when Nasser nationalized the Suez Cannal which threatened Western Oil Supply, causing France and Britain to launch a joint strike against Egypt but the pair were denounced by Eisenhower who refused them american oil, causing them to leave Egypt and the UN to maintain peace instead
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower’s foreign policy as seen with Lebanon which requested aid against Egypt which was delivered by the Americans
Sputnik
Launched by the Russians in 1957, caused america to realize the massive missle gap between the two countries
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)
Also created in response to missle gap with the russians created 866 million dollars to loan to college students
U-2 Incident
Incident in which during the Camp David meeting of Eisenhower and Khruschev, an american U-2 Plane was shot down, rendering the talks moot
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
IBM- International Business Machines
The Feminine Mystique- by Betty Friedan, launched modern feminism movement
Ozzie and Harriet- New shows promoting cult of domesticity
Job Markets exploded; white colored jobs now outnumbered blue colored ones, but not all women were taking them, a new series of government reinforcement of the values of motherhood, women once more lost their place in the job market to men
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
America had now become an affluent consumer spending based society, Diners Clubs and Fast food restaurants and public enjoyment parks with Television becoming a national commodity and popular music dominated by the Rock of Elvis Presley and Sexual attitudes set by Marilyn Monroe. Televangelists also took advantage of this new medium known as television and as did companies, spending 10 billion a year on commercials. Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society criticized this new influx of irresponsible wealth.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
Due to the MacArthur affair, Truman was set aside by the democrats in favor of Adali E. Stevenson, Stevenson in turn squared up against Dwight D. Eisenhower, the most popular man in America at the time and also the Republican Cantidate. Stevenson, due to charges of appeasement by Nixon (The Vice Presidential nominate of Eisenhower), Adlai had no chance. When Nixon was found to own a secret Slush Fund, he recovered with the Checkers speech, in which he used his dog to defend his actions, and the public bought it. Eisenhower also launched a series of tv- commercials, the first of their kind. Post Election, Eisenhower went off on a flying trip to north Korea, and with threat of nuclear force, settled the war at last.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
McCarthy was the most loud mouthed and violent of the red hunters, he based likely nothing on fact, as seen when he accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of employing 225 communists, then 57 then forced to admit there were none. McCarthy’s accusations were devastating to individuals. McCarthy’s popularity was his real weapon, and with it he forced many businesses to close and many federal employees to resign, including Asian specialists who would have been decisive in the Vietnam conflict. McCarthy finally went too far when he lambasted the military causing his demise.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
Jim Crow Laws- Legislation in south enforcing the separate but equal Plessey vs Ferguson decision
Emmett Till- 14 year old African American lynched for allegedly leering at a white woman
Jackie Robinson- First in a wave of desegregation, first nationally acclaimed black athlete
NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples, lead by Thurgood Marshall, used legislation to fight for civil rights causes
Rosa Parks/ Montgomery Bus Boycott/ MLK- too easy
Sweatt Vs Painter- Black Professional schools failed to meet tests of equality
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
Brown V. Board decided that in the case of the a little Girl in Kansas, separate was not equal for schools, accomplished by supreme court judge Earl Warren
All Deliberate Speed- Supreme court telling south to desegregate faster
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)- Founded by Martin Luther King jr to mobilize the well established black churches in the south
SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)- student made organization to promote organization of events such as sit-ins
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
African Americans made the move to the north and the west out of economic and social reasons, as they received appalling treatment in the south.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
Dynamic Conservatism- Be liberal of social issues and be conservative on economic issues
Creeping socialism- combatted with the use of private companies against the TVA, condemning free anti polio medicine as socialist and turning oil fields to states instead of national government
Eisenhower made large cuts in Truman’s plans with NSC 68 and also incorporated FDR’s new deal into his policies, popularizing social security, also passing the Interstate Highway Act as a public works project
Operation Wetback rounded up illegal Mexican immigrants, “Indian New Deal” threatened to dissolve the tribes and absorb them
Due to his harsh treatment of minorities and heavy control of the economy at the same time, Eisenhower was only true to half his word when he promised Dynamic Conservatism.
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
John Foster Dulles- Secretary of state of Eisenhower promised an age or not confining soviet advances but rather rolling them back while spending less money. Dulles urged and Eisenhower approved of the creation of the SAC (Strategic Air Command) that was an aerial fleet of super bombers equipped with country destroying nuclear weapons to impose massive retaliation on China and the USSR if necessary. This policy proved moot when the Hungarians went without aid from the Americans as the US had now an unusable weapon
Military Industrial Complex- Triangle of National Armed Forces, Legislators and Industries that form the triangle of the new military policies.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh- Communist leader of North Vietnam
Dienbienphu- fortress where French troops were hung out to dry by the Americans, forcing the UN to divide Vietnam into north and south
Ngo Dinh Diem- leader of nationalist south Vietnam, which was suppose to have free elections but due to the fact that the communists were more popular, the free elections there were scrapped
Split at 17th parallel- Vietnam was following UN intervention
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)- organization of (mostly) western powers to preserve a climate of non communism in southeast Asia, considered to be a failed organization
The US got involved in the Vietnam Conflict when Eisenhower promised economic and military assistance to South Vietnam following, Eisenhower’s decision to go against Dulles and Nixon in bombing the enemies of Dienbienphu
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
The US was concerned in the Middle East because of the massive oil supplies contained there powered the entire modern world, including the US.
When communism supposedly appeared in Iran, the CIA and British Intelligence instigated a joint coup to install young and corrupt Mohammad Reza Pahlevi as Shah and Dictator of Iran.
A flare-up occurred when Gamal Abdel Nasser gained control of Egypt as president, when he seemed to near communism, Dulles pulled economic support meant for Egypt to build a dam on the Nile, as payback, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal (Suez Crisis), causing England and France to declare war on Egypt, but the pair didn’t count on the fact that Eisenhower would denounce their actions and cut them off from American oil, for the first time in history the UN was brought in to keep peace in Egypt.
OPEC- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela formed in 1960 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
Ike against Adlai Stevenson round 2, Stevie lost
AF of L and CIO expelled Teamsters for using people like Jimmy Hoffa who tampered with juries and acted out criminal like acts under the pretense of supporting the Unions
The Response was the Landrum-Griffin Act, similar to Taft-Harley in that it made Unions pay for economic damages, also prohibited some forms of bullying and protest tactics
Missile Gap emerged- Soviets launched Sputnik I on October 4th 1957 and Sputnik II when America couldn’t even get to space, NASA created to mostly create viable ICBMs by February 1958, the Us launched their first space bound satellite
To combat education gap, congress in 1958 created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) to give 887 million in loans to college students to promote education.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
Due to increasingly environmentally harmful testing, the soviets in March 1958 declared a suspension in testing and the US followed up in October 1958
Nuclear War almost spiked in Lebanon in July 1958 when Communist Egypt threatened Lebanon with war but the US settled the matter without the loss of a single life
Khrushchev invited into Washington in 1959 to discuss disarmament at Camp David, but the matter was ruined when an American U-2 Spy Plane was shot down in Russia during the talks
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
America hated in South America for lack of support economically and too much political interference (ousting of leftist Nicaraguan goverment)
America had formerly supported supposedly anti communist Fulgencio Batista and had invested much money into Cuba but revolutionary Fidel Castro ousted Fulgencio. Castro nationalized the American possessions in Cuba and created a soviet window into America. America took in the anti –Castro Cubans and enacted the Helms- Burton Act in 1996 to place a permanent Embargo on Cuba.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
Nixon- New experienced Nixon
Kitchen Debate- In Moscow between Nixon and Khrushchev in a finger-pointing bout, Nixon did very well
Kennedy was the democratic candidate who beat out Lyndon B Johnson in the nomination who advocated for the Brave New Frontier of the American people to make sacrifices to achieve greatness
Kennedy wanted more American prestige, Nixon said we had enough, nevertheless, Kennedy Looked better than Nixon and therefore was the better cantidate
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959
Eisenhower, prevented escalation of conflict in east Asia, Egypt, Lebanon all except Vietnam, he also was cool and indifferent to civil rights as well as minorities such as Hispanics and native Americans, but was nevertheless able to weave in democratic ideas such as FDR’s new deal into his policy, helping the forgotten man, which makes him an all right guy.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
Catch-22- Satire on airmen policies in mediterranean
Arthur Miller- poet who took on american values
Catcher in the Rye- portait of jewish upperclass boy
George Orwell- science fiction
These works communicate and mirror the america at the time they were published, in that both parties are searching for role and identity and deciding wrong and right from one another.
Chapter #38: IDENTIFCATIONS
Robert F. Kennedy
“Bobby”, brother of and inheretor of JFK’s legacy, Attorney General under Kennedy who orderd FBI director J Edgar Hoover to divert resources from organized crime response to “internal security”. Also a dove democratic cantidate in 1948 whose life was unfortunately cut short by an irate Arab immigrant who could not stand his pro-Israel policy.
Robert S. McNamara
Secretary of Defense under JFK who was told by JFK to promote “Flexible Response” as the foreign policy in place of the “Massive Retaiation” of the secretary of state of Eisenhower, John Dulles.
Martin Luther King, Jr
Southern Black baptist preecher who lead the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) for the purpose of desegregating America.
Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassin of JFK who himself was assassinated by Jack Ruby.
Barry Goldwater
Uber conservative Republican Cantidate in 1964 election who was cast accurately as a gunslinging trigger happy nuclear guy and accordingly lost.
Malcolm X
Prominent member of the second wave of african american civil rights movements who was formerly a Nation of Islam member and advocated black seperatism, different from the black assimilation of MLK.
Stokely Carmichael
Leader of the SNCC (Student National Coordinating Conference) who advovcated black seperatism along with black power.
Eugene McCarthy
Minnesota Democratic Senator who ran for president in 1968 election, promoted anti war policies “go clean for gene”, lost nomination to Hubert H Humphrey
Hubert H. Humphrey
Vice president of LBJ and Democratic cantidate in 1968 election, wanted to continue LBJ’s policy of turning up the pressure in Vietnam, lost to Richard Nixon.
George Wallace
Third party cantidate in the 1968 election who inhereted the Dixiecrat mantle of Strom Thurmond, ran with former air force General Curtis LeMay and advocated for permenant segregation along with “bombing Vietnam back to the stone age”.
Flexible response
Foreign policy of JFK to replace the massive retaliation of John Dulles, acted out by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, idea was to scale response to the size of the problem/conflict, good in principal, apalling in practice as it sank the US deep into the Vietnam War.
Credibility Gap
Created In part by Arizona Senator William Fullbright who aired a series f view of the Vietnam War (mostly antiwar), causing the american people to come to believe that the war was without purpose or end (both true).
New Frontier
New world advocated by JFK that the american people faced, JFK advised the people to brace themselves for a new world of challenges in his campaign.
Peace Corps
Group of young people who JFK created to assist with natural disasters and poverty around the world.
Alliance of Progress
JFK’s policy with south america, the equivalent of a south american Marshall Plan, meant to promote relations and economic health in south america, accomplishe neither.
Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
Staged by american government under JFK, 1,200 Cuban exiles landing at the Bay of Pigs in an effort to reclaim Cuba, failed, worsening US-Cuba Relations
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
started when american spy planes saw Russians moving nuclear weapons to america, started week-long standoff between america and russia, Russia consents in the end and agrees to remove missiles in cuba if america removes their missles in Turkey, created Hotline between Washington and Moscow along with the ban on Nuclear Testing in 1963 as well as Kennedy’s speech in 1963 denouncing the Communism=evil view of Rhinehold Niebur.
Great Society
Term used by LBJ to refer to his administration’s acts regarding domestic policy, supported by LBJ’s Big Four, Education, Immigration, Social Security and a New Voting act (of 1965)
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Passed by LBJ during the election of 1964 when a flareup occurred near North Vietnam beaches, this gave executive power to the president to use as much force as he wanted in southeast asia, also used for political reasons, LBJ stated that he did this to limit the conflict, implying that Goldwater would (and Goldwater probally would) escalate the war
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Passed after JKF’s death by LBJ, prohibited discrimination in public places, gave the government power to enforce de-segregation in schools and also created the Equal Employment Office Commission (EEOC) to prevent segregation in hiring, conservatives tacked on the provision that women too would get these benefits thinking that the bill would be too hot to pass, but the act passed, despite Strom Thurmond’s 24 hour and 18 minute Filibuster.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Passed by LBJ in response to the violence that peaceful proterstors were met with at Selma, Alabama, prohibited the use of literacy tests in elections and placed registrars in southern states, went along well with the 24th Amendment which prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections
Tet Offensive 1968
Launched on Tet, the Vietnamese new year against 26 cities in South Vietnam, including the capital Saigon, tellling sign to Americans that the war was both ill concieved and also un-winnable.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
John F. Kennedy- youth and vigor personified his new administration, something of Harvard and Irish, Robert Frost advised him to be more Irish than Harvard
Robert “Bobby” Kennedy- Brother of JFK who was attorney general, tried to recast role of FBI as in charge of Internal defense which diverted away from the FBI’s ability to deal with organized crime against the wishes of FBI director J Edgar Hoover
Robert McNamara- Left Ford Motors to take over Defense Department
Peace Corps- group started by JFK to deal with poverty and natural disasters along with underdeveloped countries
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
Kennedy first expanded the formerly all conservative house rules committee but nevertheless had difficulty in passing new deal legislation through the Republican/ Southern Democrat Congress, causing medical and educational bills to be stuck in congress
Kennedy wanted companies to keep the lid on or decrease prices so that the economy would be able to recover, when the steel companies increased prices, he called the coporation owners and forced them to back down
Kennedy also advocated for a general tax cut, which was immediately shot down
Furthermore, Kennedy ordered a multibillion-dollar project to land an American on the moon, though initially unpopular, after 24 billion, America was able to get 2 astronauts in 1969 onto the moon.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Berlin Wall- A literal wall erected in East Berlin by the soviets to prevent people from escaping to West Berlin
Common Market- American encouraged free trade area that would eventually become the European Union
Trade Expansion Act- cutting tariffs up to 50% to promote trade with other countries
Charles de Gaulle- French President who refused Britain’s admission to the Common Market in an attempt to keep American influence out of Europe due to the existing ties between England and America
At Vienna in a talk with Khrushchev, Kennedy was threatened with cutting off of western access to Berlin as Stalin had done to Eisenhower, however, Khrushchev backed down but at the price of the construction of the Berlin wall. Kennedy encouraged economic growth in Western Europe by helping to create the Common Market as well as passing the Trade Expansion Act however, his kind gestures were refused by Charles De Gaulle president of France who deliberately kept English and with it American influence out of France
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
Laos- State in southeast Asia that was experiencing a civil war following the absence of French Colonial powers, knowing that he could not protect Laos and help Europe, Kennedy instigated the 14 power Geneva Conference of 1962 to place a shaky peace on Laos.
Due to the inability of action that Secretary Dulles had created with his policy of massive retaliation, Kennedy told Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to pursue a policy of flexible retaliation to meet the severity of the conflict and also created the special forces (Green Berets)
Robert McNamara- secretary of defense
Flexible Response- policy of matching response to problem
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
Ngo Diem- nationalist leader of south Vietnam who the US initially supported but came to hate and eventually help overthrow, ironic in that the US was suppose to prevent Disintegration and promote integration, not the reverse as occurred here
Viet Cong- Guerilla warriors whose traps and maneuvers outmatched the US’s technological superiority
Modernization Theory- The idea that eastern countries could develop a path toward democracy by following the west, promoted by Walt Rostow The Stages of Economic Growth, a Eurocentric theory
Flexible Response did not work as it should in South Vietnam due to its nature of never-ending self-fulfilling prophecies, as seen in Vietnam, once the Americans entered the fray with “military advisors”, they could only send more and more men.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
Alliance for Progress- Kennedy’s attempt to reconcile relations with South America, this act was the equivalent of a Marshall plan for South America, did little to help the economic status of South America and even less to help relations
Fidel Castro- Cuban leftist revolutionary, many attempted assassinations by America further drove him to Communism
Bay of Pigs- 1961, Kennedy’s attempt to rid Cuba of leftist influence when he armed and deployed 1200 nationalist Cuban exiles into Cuba’s Bay of Pigs, attempt would fail miserably, causing the detainment of the nationalists and the further driving of Cuba to Communism
Cuban Missile Crisis- Began in 1962 when American spy planes saw soviets installing nuclear weapons in Cuba, Kennedy demanded that said weapons be removed and also stated that an attack from Cuba would incur an attack on Russia, conflict ended on October 28th when Khrushchev agreed to move the nuclear missiles out of Cuba if America would remove their missiles in Turkey, following this, Russian hardliners began a process of mass accumulation of nuclear weapons.
Nikita Khrushchev
Anti Missile Testing pact- signed 1963
Quarantine
Hot Line- Between Moscow and Washington
1963 Kennedy Speech- denouncing the view of Rhinehold Niebur that Communism was evil and urging Americans to pursue a policy of peaceful coexistence
Cuba was the low of Kennedy’s presidency because he nearly brought the world to an end over a easily resolved issue, it was the high of his presidency because following the event he signs the anti missile testing pact, creates the hot line and denounces the view that communists were evil.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
Freedom Riders- Individuals who set out to use interstate busses to counter discrimination
Martin Luther King Jr.- Worked closely with Kennedy to promote integration, Hoover was ordered by Robert Kennedy to tap MLK’s phone lines for fear of him communicating with communists
SNCC- Student non violence coordinating committee, worked with Kennedy to create the Voter Education Project to educate Southern black voters and to register them for voting
James Meredith- 29 year old air force veteran who applied to attend the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and was met with such disapproval that Kennedy had to send 400 Marshalls and 3,000 troops to enroll him
Birmingham- The most segregated in city in America, despite the fact that its population was half African American, when MLK began trying to integrate the city in1963, peaceful protesters were met with electric cattle prods, attack dogs and high pressure water hoses, JFK saw this and declared it a “Moral Issue”, and pushed for more Civil Rights legislation
March on Washington- Lead by Martin Luther King on September 1963, a 200,00 man march onto Washington where he delivered his “I have a Dream” speech
Medgar Evers- black Mississippi civil rights activist assassinated by a white gunman
Kennedy’s inaction before the acts upon African American were perpetuated were the cause of said actions, but his actions were responses to these acts of violence, such as his cooperation with MLK
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
Lee Harvey Oswald- Man who assassinated Kenney on November 22, 1963
Jack Ruby- man who assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald
Warren Commission- Created by president LBJ to investigate the killing of president Kennedy
Due to the high popularity of Kennedy’s personality and vigor, his death was mourned greatly, however, he laid to rest the myth that a Catholic could not be trusted with the presidency.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Lyndon Baines Johnson- Texan Politician who had adopted conservatism to win elections to the Senate by a narrow margin “Landslide Lyndon” where he soon began exercising his masterful abilities
The Johnson Treatment- Following Johnson’s ascension to the seat of Democratic Majority Leader, his power was second only to Eisenhower, this allowed him to do what he wished to opponents and his ability/power was named the Johnson Treatment
Civil Rights Act of 1964- Passed by LBJ as a Eulogy to JFK, met 24 hours and 18 minutes of filibustering by former dixiecrat candidate in the election of 1948 Strom Thurmond, this act prevented segregation in public places, increased government power to de-segregate schools and other public places and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to eliminate discrimination in hiring, conservatives tacked onto this bill a supplement that all it said about ethnicities should apply to women thinking it would prevent the measure from passing, but it backfired and passed, becoming a landmark piece of legislation for women and minorities
Affirmative Action- Policy of using race as a medium of selection, enforced by LBJ’s executive mandate to be used with federal contractors
War on Poverty- Launched by LBJ shortly after he passed a tax bill of Kennedy’s , this was to be a billion dollar war, LBJ was moved by areas like the Appalachia
“Great Society”- LBJ’s name for his administration’s domestic program, using New Deal economics to assist the quality of life of Americans
The Other America-by Michael Harrington, helped start the War on Poverty as it revealed 20% of Americans lived in poverty and 40% of Africa American population did so as well
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Barry Goldwater- Republican Nomination in the 1964 election, hailing from Arizona who attacked welfare, social security, the TVA, civil rights, nuclear test ban and the Great Society, was marketed successfully by democrats as a gunslinger who would “Barry” the US due to his warlike nature
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- a 1964 flare-up from the north Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin caused LBJ to pass this resolution giving him exclusive power over war in Southeast Asia, he claimed this while stating that he wanted “No Wider War”
Negative Ad- used first by LBJ against Goldwater, emphasizing the anti-nuclear ban or pro nuclear weapons nature of Goldwater
LBJ won because Americans were fond of his similarity to Eisenhower, had faith in “The great Society” and feared the living heck of Goldwater, the philosophy of LBJ easily won. LBJ won the presidency along with the senate and Congress
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Office of Economic Opportunity- Congress increased its funds for the War on terror, doubling them from 1 to 2 billion, 1 billion set aside for Appalachia
Department of Transportation- New office created by LBJ
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)- Created by LBJ with first black cabinet secretary, economist Robert C Weaver
National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities- Created by LBJ to lift cultural life of the United States
Big Four of LBJ- LBJ’s four largest contributions through “The Great Society” were to immigration, elderly social security, education and voting rights
Social Security
Medicare- for elderly
Medicaid- for poor/indigent
Both would improve material life of Americans but would undermine economic status of the US, dramatically reducing poverty
Head Start- assisted education of underprivileged children
Education
Entitlements- set aside for students instead of schools, also used to divert attention to LBJ’s stance of separation of Church and State
Immigration
Immigration and Nationality Act 1965- overturned the immigration quotas set in 1921 now setting the cap on western European immigrants at 120,000 and also provided for the admission of close relatives of US citizens, new immigrants came from East Asia and South America
New Voting Rights Bill (Voting Rights Act of 1965)
LBJ’s big four, voting rights, social security, education and immigration reform guaranteed that his “Great Society” would be one that looked out for its citizens significantly more than the one before it.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Voting Rights Act of 1965- abolished literacy tests and placed voting registrars in southern states
Ballot Denying Legislation- Used profoundly in the South to prevent poor blacks from voting, poll tax, literary test and intimidation were popular, Mississippi had a policy of publishing the names of African Americans applying to vote 2 weeks before the actual voting
Twenty-forth Amendment- 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal and state elections
Freedom Summer- summer of 1964 where northern white and black students helped southern blacks register for voting
Mississippi murders-1964 the bodies of 2 white and 1 black civil rights activists were found, FBI arrested 21 whites including the local sheriff in connection to the killings, but the white jury refused to sentence any of them
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party- denied a seat at the national democratic convention
Selma, Alabama- 50% African American but only 1% African American voters, MLK moved here to begin a march in 1965 from there to Montgomery to give black citizens the vote, state troopers assaulted the marchers with tear gas and whips, 1 black minister was killed, LBJ passed the Voting rights act of 1965
Following the 1965 voting act, blacks gained power and southern states actually saw an increase in the numbers of Blacks for the first time as industries and governments tried actively to capitalize on this new voting bloc
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Watts- A black Ghetto in Los Angeles that erupted into revolution following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 during which blacks raided their own communities, affair left 31 blacks and 3 whites dead, preceded riots in Newark, Detroit and Los Angeles
Malcolm X- radical/ separatist Black Leader who was formerly a Nation of Islam member who was a leading figure in the new generation of Black rights leaders
Elijah Muhammed- Founder of the Nation of Islam who had recruited Malcolm X as a member and later planned Malcolm’s assassination when Malcolm left the NoI
Black Panthers- Black Power advocators who were very popular in Oakland, California, blatantly used weapons
Stokely Carmichael- leader of the Student National Coordinating Committee who advocated fro separatism along with the doctrine of Black Power
African American Culture Surge- Blacks in the 1960s began demonstrating and flaunting their African American culture and roots by emphasizing Afro hairstyles and shed their white names for ones reflecting their origins this relected well the separatist stage of the civil rights movement
More schools were integrated in the south than in the north, also there were now more blacks in the north and west than in the south.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Dominican Republic- LBJ announced in1965 the presence of communism and sent in 25,000 American troops to settle down the dispute despite the lack of evidence of such an influence present in the area
Operation Rolling Thunder- began following a 1965 Viet Cong assault upon an American Air Base at Pleiku, start of bombing raids on North Vietnam and American soldiers were given directions to land and to start looking for Viet Cong in the juggles of South Vietnam, 185,000 soldiers in Vietnam before the end of 1965
South Vietnam became more and more corrupt as America continued to call it a Bastion of Democracy.
Annual bill in 1968 for Vietnam was 30 Billion
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
Six-Day War 1967- Launched by Israel against its neighbors, by the end of the conflict, Israel had more than quadrupled in size and controlled Jerusalem along with 1 million Palestinian Arabs
Increased Middle Eastern tension, pitted Israelis against Palestinian Yasir Arfat head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Teach-ins- Student rebellions against the Vietnam War and draft
William Fulbright- Arizona Senator who launched a series of televised interviews to air views on the Vietnam war, mostly anti-war views
Credibility Gap- Created between the Win-nability of the Vietnam conflict
Shady LBJ
CIA- Ordered to defy its doctrine as a foreign intelligence agency to spy on antiwar activists
FBI- Ordered to turn its counterintelligence program, Cointelpro against the doves (antiwar folk)
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Tet Offensive- 1968 offensive by the Viet Cong on 26 major cities in South Vietnam, including the Capital of Saigon during the Vietnamese new year (Tet), though beaten back, this signaled that the war was not going to end soon and also brought to the minds of American citizens the thought that they were fighting determined individuals trying to rid themselves of a corrupt government, in response, American military leaders called for 200,000 more men in Vietnam
Challengers of LBJ (in Democratic Party)
Eugene McCarthy- Minnesota Dove who had advocated his followers to “go clean for gene”
Robert E. Kennedy- Brother of JFK who was also a dove
LBJ’s last National Address 1968- Announced a freeze on number of troops in Vietnam as well as a promise to not run in the election so as to maintain the Status Quo in Vietnam while maintaining national security
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
Hubert Humphrey- Vice President of LBJ and candidate to 1968 election
Robert Kennedy- Assassinated by a young Arab Immigrant who hated Kennedy’s pro Israel ideas
Democratic Convention- at Chicago Convention Hall (Fort Daley), surrounded by angry anti war doves who had just lost Kennedy, Humphrey edged out Eugene McCarthy and promised to turn up the pressure in Vietnam as LBJ had done until the Viet Cong were more willing to negotiate
Richard Nixon- Republican nominate and winner of the election of 1948, advocated a policy of “Law and Order” at home and fighting until a honorable peace (American Victory) was reached in Vietnam
Spiro T Agnew- Vice Presidential Candidate of Richard Nixon, strongly against dissidents and Black militants, contributed to the “Law and Order” of Nixon’s campaign
George Wallace- Third party candidate in 1948 election, from the deep south, and inheritor of the Dixiecrat mantle, with former air force general Curtis LeMay, promoted infinite segregation along with bombing Vietnamese “back to the stone age”, gained largest 3rd party vote ever in history and continued to wield this power
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Nixon was a minority president who was able to gain his position due to the fact that his opponents were deeply divided among themselves, therefore Nixon didn’t need to promise anything, and he didn’t to the public.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
No president had done more for civil rights since Lincoln and LBJ’s “Great Society” and Big Four (Education, Immigration, Voting act of 1965 and Social Security) served to increase the national material wealth of the nation. However, LBJ followed in the foolish steps of Eisenhower and JFK in continuing the conflict in Vietnam and cost many young Americans their lives, in the end though, he did more harm than good as his “Great Society” programs sucked valuable tax dollars from the economy in its quick fix of social issues that cost the nation the opportunity to fix its economy and better raise the living standards of Americans without putting the federal government in dept.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
Berkeley- Free Speech Movement in 1964 against a campus ban on the use of campus space for political debate
Sexual Revolution-
Birth Control Pill created and allowed for new popularity of sexual activities
Mantachine Society- founded in Los Angeles in 1951 pioneer advocate of Gay rights
Widening Worries of STDs slowed
Stonewall Inn 1969- Brutal attack on Gay men by police energized the Gay movements with electrifying militancy
Students for a Democratic Society
LSD/ marijuana- Started as experiments lead to drug moguls of the underworld, byproduct of youth movement
3 P’s of the Youth Movement caused the upheaval of the 1960s
-Youthful population bulge
-Protest against racism
-Permanence (apparent) of prosperity
Due to the realization that America was infested with racism, sexism and imperialism, the young people of the 1960s set out to look for new purpose in their lives, traditional sources of values such as family and religion were seen as untrustworthy, “trust no one over thirty” was the motto of the young. The counterculture sprang up to challenge the establishments of times past and was started with the 3 P’s, population bulge of the young, Protests against racism and bias and the apparent Permanence of prosperity. However, this youthful spirit was steamrolled in the 1970s as the youth began looking for work and hit the harsh realities of life.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
Personally, the rough and tumble nature of the 1960s were on the whole destructive. Starting at culture, the counter culture of the 60s wrote a whole new chapter in the book of life for America. Socially, Civil Rights advanced at a speed previously though impossible or serverly unlikely, economically, the “Great Society” temporarily eliminated the problem of poverty but its high taxes ensured the persistance of the issue, militarily, the Nation hit a curb stomp and hit it hard with our unreasonable treatment of our South American neighbors as well as our insitance to support a corrupt regime in Vietnam, sacrificing needlessly american lives and money. Culture and Civil rights aside, the US steped backward Economically and Internationally, causing me, a student among many things, to see this decade as one of negative progress.
Chapter #39 IDENTIFICATIONS
Spiro Agnew
Vice President of Nixon, forced to resign due to revealing of fact that he had accepted bribes by Maryland Contractors as both Governor and Vice President.
Henry Kissinger
Secretary of State of Nixon
Earl Warren
Supreme court justice who pushed for civil rights legislation as well as the attention of president Eisenhower.
Warren Burger
New Supreme court Justice implemented by Nixon following Earl Warren, meant to be conservative and overturn Warren’s policies, ends up passing Roe v. Wade, legalizaing abortion, Nixon, you mad bro?
George McGovern
Democratic Cantidate in 1972 election, supported anti war movement alongn with minorities and women’s rights, his liberal stance, and Thomas Eagleton Vice President (who had previously gone into psychiatric care) lost him the presidency to Nixon.
John Dean
Prosecutor of Richard Nixon following the Watergate Scandal, called out Nixon and top whitehouse officials for their corruption.
Shah of Iran
Mohamad Rheza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran installed by both the US and England, finally removed when the Iranians rebelled in 1979
Aytollah Khomeini
Leader of the Iranian Revolution
Détente
Period of Relaxed tensions between america and Russia first started by JFK when he decided to denounce the views of Rhinehold Niebur
Vietnamization
Nixon’s initial policy of removing 540,000 men from the Vietnam War
Nixon Doctrine
Also known as the Guam Doctrine or the “Silent Majority Speech” in which
My Lai massacre
American Massacre of an entire Vietnamese Massacre, men, women and children
Kent State Killings
Students in Kent State Ohio were protesting the Vietnam war when they were shot by National Guard, 4 dead, many injured.
Pentagon Papers
Revelations made by the New York Times that the Johnson and Kennedy Administrations had both instigated the Gulf of Tonkin incident, leading to less trust of the American goverment
S.A.L.T
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- first signed between Nixon and Khruschev and then between Carter and Khruschev.
Watergate Scandal
Scandal discovered when agents of CREEP were found planting bugs in the Democratic headquarters at Watergate Apartment Complex. Lead to discovery of multiple republican scandals, such as the forging of documents to make the democrats look band and the using of the Internal Revenue Service to bully civilians.
C.R.E.E.P
Comitteee for the Re-Eleection of President nixon.
War Powers Act
Passed by Congress over the veto of Nixon, state that the president would have to report to Congress within 2 days of taking military action.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Iran Hostage Crisis
Started when american ambassador office people were taken hostage by the Iranaians who offered a trade for them and Mohammad Reza Pahlevi.
Chapter #39 Guided Reading Questions
Sources of Stagnation
Know: Productivity, Inflation
1. Describe the economic problems faced by the United States in the 1970s.
Productivity- sank following the super-productive 40s and 50s
Inflation- caused by combination of social welfare and military spending, especially in the LBJ term
The US was now facing a problem the likes of which never before witnessed in the states, a decrease in productivity and stagnation in life quality. Quality was only able to stay adrift due to the addition of working women’s salaries in the new family. US overconfidence was also a cause of poor economic status, as following WWII, the Americans were unchallenged in any and every industry, removing all incentive for them to modernize their industries, the price of these actions was this stagnation.
Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War
Know: Liberal Establishment, Vietnamization, Silent Majority, Nattering Nabobs of Negativism, My Lai
2. What was President Nixon’s plan for getting the dd out of Vietnam?
Liberal Establishment- The Presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower (liberal republican), JFK and LBJ, all of which, with the obvious exception of Eisenhower, were resented by Nixon
Vietnamization- Nixon’s policy in Vietnam of removing 540,000 men and training/supplying the South Vietnamese to victory
Silent Majority- the large group of Americans presumed by Nixon to have supported the Vietnam war since its beginning
Nattering Nabobs of Negativism- Sneer used by Nixon against antiwar doves, he instructed his vice president to attack those who fell under this label
My Lai- A Vietnamese village that was subjected to wholesale slaughter by the American troops, women and children included, this crushed the already failing morality of the nation.
Nixon still wanted his promised honorable peace (victory) in Vietnam, but he had to satisfy the anti war people at home, which was accomplished by his vietnamization. Seeking a quick end, Nixon ordered an attack from South Vietnam on neighboring Cambodia, which had been assisting North Vietnam.
Cambodianizing the Vietnam War
Know: Cambodia, Kent State University, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg
3. What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970 and 1971?
Cambodia- Used by the North Vietnamese as a station from which attacks were launched and where men were resupplied and armed, Nixon ordered on 1970 that all communist havens be cleaned from Cambodia, Nixon withdrew troops from Cambodia after only 2 months, causing further disillusionment of the American people
Kent State University- This Ohio university erupted in protest immediately following Nixon’s declaration of war, National Guard arrived, fired into the crowd, killing 4
Jackson State College-This Mississippian school rebelled as well, Highway Patrol killed 2
“Whitey’s War’- Term representing the increasing discontent, especially from African Americans who were drafted into the war in disproportionate ways
Period of Draftability- lowered form 8 year window to 1 year window, also including a lottery
Twenty-Sixth Amendment- Lowers voting age to 18
Pentagon Papers- A review by the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg
that revealed the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson Administration especially in their provocation of the Gulf of Tonkin incident
Nixon's Detente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow
Know: Henry Kissinger, Détente, ABM Treaty, SALT Treaty, MIRVs
4. What was the “China Card,” and how did Nixon use it?
Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security Advisor, due to his years spent pent up in Harvard, he developed a cynical world view, as critics of him say.
Sino-Russo Tension- in the 1970s, China and Russia were sharply disagreeing upon the Marxist Doctrine, Nixon sought this opportunity to pit the two against each other so as to weaken both and maybe also settle down Vietnam.
China Visit- 1971
Shanghai Communiqué- highpoint of Nixon’s 1971 visit to china during which he discussed and agreed for China and America to “normalize” their relationship, also, Nixon agreed to the acceptance of the “One China” policy, loosening his commitment to protecting the sovereignty of Taiwan.
Russia Visit- 1972
“China Card”- played by Nixon in 1972 for the purpose of pressuring the Soviet Union back into a state of Détente. “Backed” by China and lots of food, the US agreed to sell the Soviets 750 million dollars worth of food over the next three years in exchange for the Soviets agree to the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which limited both nations to two clusters of defensive missiles, and also the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which aimed at limiting the number of nuclear missiles in both nations at 1972 numbers for the next five years.
(Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles) MIRVs- First developed by the US following the SALT, designed to oversaturate and therefore overwhelm missile defense systems, developed by the USSR almost right after.
Chile- Strong point of contention for Nixon, who openly criticized the legitimate election of Marxist Salvador Allende and proceeded to launch an embargo on his administration. Following Allende’s demise at the hands of military general Augusto Pinochet’s rebellion, Nixon proceeded to openly support the Pinochet administration.
A New Team on the Supreme Bench
Know: Judicial Activism, Miranda, Engel v. Vitale, Warren Berger, Roe v. Wade
5. Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court?
“Judicial Activism”/ “Permissiveness”- Alleged aspects of the Supreme Court under Earl Warren that Nixon had criticized.
Griswold v. Connecticut- Supreme Court Struck down a law prohibiting the use of contraceptives, even among married couples, a indication of the court’s support for sexual freedom
Gideon v. Wainwright- Supreme Court decided that defendants in serious criminal cases were entitled to legal representatives if they were too poor to afford it
Escobedo and Miranda- Two different cases that both guaranteed the right of the accused to remain silent and to enjoy other protections when accused of a crime
New York Times v. Sullivan- SC ruled that public figures could only sue for libel only if they could prove that malice had motivated their defamers
Engle v. Vitale and School District of Abington Township v. Schempp- SC decided that schools could not legally force students to read prayers on basis of the first amendment
Renolds v. Sims- Court ruled that the upper and lower houses of state legislatures must restructure according to human population in districts to avoid over representation
States Righters and Right Wingers responded with “impeach Earl Warren”
Warren Berger- Nominated as the next Chief Justice following Earl Warren by Nixon along with 3 other conservatives, meant to strictly interpret constitution and dismantle the liberal rulings of the Warren Court
Roe V. Wade- The Ironic Berger Court decision to legalize abortion
Nixon on the Home Front
Know: Aid the Families with Dependent Children, Reverse Discrimination, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Silent Spring, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Southern Strategy
6 How conservative was President Nixon? Explain.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)- approved by Nixon along with Food Stamps and Medicaid
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)- Created by Nixon to assist the blind, aged an
Philadelphia Plan- requiring guilds to establish timetables and goals for the hiring of black apprentices, to weaken liberalism
Nixonian Affirmative Action/ Reverse Discrimination- Nixon changed affirmative action from the prevention of discrimination upon minorities to the purposeful positive discrimination of minorities
Griggs v. Power Co.-prohibiting the use of intelligence tests which could prevent minorities and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- 1970, created with Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Silent Spring- By Rachel Carson about the effects of DDT
1972 Congress decides to follow up environmentalist mood by prohibiting the construction of dams
to take action against creeping inflation, then at 5 %, Nixon imposed a ninety day price and wage freeze in 1971 and also took the US off the gold standard to devalue the dollar
Southern Strategy- developed by Nixon to gain majority, done so by appointing conservative judges, soft peddling civil rights and opposing de segregation
Was Nixon a conservative, yes, yes he was. His environmental actions that he took can only be seen as a buffer made for his social stand point, though his economic policies don’t necessarily reflect his nature, they were emergency measures
The Nixon Landslide of 1972
Know: George McGovern
7. How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election?
1972 attack on DMZ- in spring of 1972 right before the election, the North Vietnamese launched an assault on South Vietnam through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), Nixon responded by heavily bombing the north in cludint the capital at Hanoi and also placing mines in north Vietnamese harbors to prevent
George McGovern- democratic candidate in 1972, advocated for complete end to the war, also appealed to minorities and women, and those appeals alienated the support of the working class that made up the backbone of the Democratic Party, he would loose due to this standing, his VP and the fact that the youth of America that he appealed to didn’t even bother to vote
Thomas Eagleton- Vice presidential candidate of George McGovern and the Democratic Party, the fact that he had formerly received psychiatric care eliminated all chance of a McGovern victory
“Democratic War”- Term used in Nixon’s campaign, Nixon stated that he had wound down the democratic war by reducing participants from 540,000 to 30,000
Ceasefire in 1973/ “peace with honor”- caused because Nixon launched a heavy two-week bombing raid on North Vietnam. Thinly veiled retreat from Vietnam that was announced as a victory.
Vietnam helped Nixon to win handedly due to the fact that it determined the course of the presidential election.
The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act
Know: Pol Pot, War Powers Act
8. What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act?
Secret Bombings- discovered by the American public in 1973 that America had undergone 3,500 bombings of Cambodia, lead to severe distrust of government, as the government promised to respect Cambodian neutrality, following discovery, Nixon ruthlessly attacked Cambodia to help the rightest government, these attacks would shred the economy, government and people of Cambodia and would lead to the man known as Pol Pot Coming to power, a sadistic tyrant, Congress tried to prevent Nixon but they were unheeded each and every time
War Powers Act- passed over Nixon’s veto and required that the president report to congress within 24 hours of declaring war, passed in response to the overwhelm war powers of LBJ and Nixon, but mostly due to Nixon’s unstoppable war in Cambodia
”New Isolation”- new mood of caution and restraint brought on by War Powers Act
Draft Suspension 1973- eased tensions among draft-aged people
Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table
9. "The shaky `peace' was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat." Explain.
America said all right, lets stop fighting, but in doing so they puled out all American forces and allowed North Vietnam to retain 30% of South Vietnam.
The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis
Know: OPEC
10. Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil Embargo.
Egyptian-Syrian allied assault- attacked Israel in 1973, reclaiming all territories lost during the 6-day war, Henry Kissinger, then Secretary of State, then flew to Moscow to stop the Russians from supplying the Egyptians and Syrians, learning that the Russians were planning an air raid on Israel, Nixon ordered national nuclear weapons on alert and also gave the command for 2 billion in war supplies to be shipped to Israel, this allowed them to make a savage counterattack that threatened Cairo until the US forced both sides to sue for peace
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- decided to retaliate against the US for helping Israel by launching a 5 month Oil Embargo, this was when the US first realized its dependence on foreign oil, followed by a quadrupling of Oil prices for the United States
International Energy Agency (IEA)- founded by US in attempt counter OPEC
1991- US finally attacks Iraq to protect its Oil Interests
Watergate and the Unmaking of a President
Know: Watergate, CREEP, Enemies List, Plumbers, John Dean, Executive Privilege, Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Massacre
11. Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty?
Watergate- an apartment-office complex in Washington that discovered individuals planting “Bugs”, these individuals belonged to CREEP (Committee for the Re- Election of the President) following its discovery was a series of discoveries of Republican actions of fraud sucha s forging documents undermining the credibility of the Democratic party and using the Internal Revenue Service to harass innocent citizens on the White House “Enemies list”. Spiro Agnew, the Vice President was later forced to resign for taking bribes from Maryland Contractors as governor and vice president, Congress invoked the 25 Amendment, appoints a twelve-term Congressman, Gerald Ford, as Vice President. John Dean III, a top lawyer, accused Nixon and other top White House Officials. It was then revealed by an White House Aide, that secret taping systems had recorded all of Nixon’s conversations, when asked to produce said tapes by the Senate, Nixon initially refused, performed the controversial Saturday Night Massacre (Firing the white house prosecutor on the case and then the attorney general and deputy attorney general for going against Nixon so). Nixon then gave limited tapes blotting out parts he considered “Executive Privilege”, when pressed harder to reveal all the tapes, Nixon at last revealed that he was a chief and active party in these scandals, with impeachment at hand, Nixon resigned.
The First Unelected President
12. Did President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon? Explain.
Ford entered with a disadvantage, he was seen as the dumb lollygagging football player.
He signed the Helsinki accords with 37 countries in 1975
-Official end to WWII, recognizing the soviet bounders of Poland and other Eastern European countries
-Promotion of liberal exchanges of information and people between east and west
-Russia providing for basic human rights
-good in that this temporarily relaxed tensions, bad in that this was furthering the 1 way street nature that Detente was meant to be as the US was giving food and money and getting little back
Due to Russian human rights violations in 1974 congress added restrictions to US-Russo trade bill
No way no how, it was wrong politically and morally. Politically, Gerald Ford made a huge error in giving a free pass to one of the worst criminals in American politics, morally he did the same as forgiving a liar, cheat, robber and usurper all in one.
Defeat in Vietnam
13. What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam War?
1975 North Vietnamese finally take South Vietnam
Americans had to be evacuated via helicopter
140,000 Vietnamese refugees welcomed into America
Cost of 118 billion, 56,000 men, American pride and international immage
Feminist Victories and Defeats
Know: Title IX, ERA, Roe v. Wade
15. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?
Women’s march on 1970- 50th anniversary of Women’s rights
Title IX 1972- prohibiting sexual discrimination in any federally assisted educational program, paving the way for the “Title IX generation”
Equal Right Amendment (ERA)- stated that no state may deny or abridge the equality under the law on account of gender
Reed v. Reed/ Frontiero v. Richardson- Supreme court challenged sexual discrimination legislation
Roe v. Wade- legalized abortion
The Bigots Strike Back- Nixon vetoed a proposal for a national day care, Antifeminists blamed feminism for the rising divorce rate and the Catholic Church attacked abortion
These prevented the ERA from passing, failed by 3 states’ votes
Makers of America: The Vietnamese 16. What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America?
Upon arrival, the Vietnamese were stuffed into concentration camps created for the purpose of rapid assimilation into American society; these camps were despised as they stripped the people of their ancient cultures. The immigrants were meant to be spread around to suburbs, and rural districts, but scant job opportunities made them congregate in large cities.
The Seventies in Black and White
Know: Desegregation, white flight, and affirmative action, United States v. Wheeler
17. Explain the significance of the Bakke case.
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)- De- Segregated schools could not require students to move across school district lines, decision exempted suburban districts from shouldering any part of the burden of de segregating inner- city schools, thereby reinforcing “White Flight” from cities to suburbs and isolating de-segregation to only the poorest districts in the cities
Affirmative Action was now being labeled as reverse discrimination, exactly as Richard Nixon planned it to be when he first passed the Philadelphia plan
Case of Alan Bakke shocked the Nation, in a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court decided that his admission to the UC Davis School of Medicine could not be denied due to his ethnicity, appalled Black Justice Thurgood Marshall, who said that this one action would set back the entire civil rights movement
Native Americans also made significant headway, seizing Alcatraz in 1970 and Wounded Knee in 1972, they were given unique and limited sovereignty in US v. Wheeler.
The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory
Know: Jimmy Carter
18. Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976?
1976 Election between Gerald Ford on Republican Side and James Earl Carter on Democratic Side. Campaigned with saying “I’ll Never Lie to You”
Started with democrats winning both houses of congress, created Department of Energy and cut taxes. Kept campaign promise of pardoning draft evaders of Vietnam War.
Makers of America: The Feminists
19. Compare and contrast the first and second feminist waves.
First Wave- Elizabeth Stanton, founded during chaos of Abolition Era
Second Wave- Betty Friedan, founded during chaos of Civil Rights Era, noticeably more diverse and radical than first wave, NOW (National Organization for Women) and WITCH (Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)
Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy
Know: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords
20. Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.
Andrew Young- U.N. Ambassador Of Jimmy Carter, assisted Carter’s policies of human rights coupled with foreign policy
Carter hosted the Camp David Accords between Anwar Sadat and Meachem Begin, respective leaders of Egypt and Israel, in return for Israel giving back the lands taken during the 6- day war, Egypt was to respect the Israeli borders, the two agreed to sign a peace treaty.
Carter also resumed full democratic relations with China and signed a treaty giving back to Panama the Panama Canal in the year 2000.
Cubans however, supported by Russians, entered Africa to help set up leftist regimes.
Economic and Energy Woes
Know: Shah of Iran
21. How did Carter react to the renewed energy crisis?
Despite a slight drop in inflation rates under Ford, the rates were soaring during Carter’s Administration, prices were going up, small business were floundering, Carter eventually realized that the heavy American dependence on Oil was the cause of all this, but his Energy Conservation policies bit the dust at the hands of an indifferent American public. Carter than paid the price for the cheap oil that Eisenhower and England bought with their blood money by installing Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran, the Iranians revolted at last, cutting America from its Iranian Oil. Pressed up against the wall, Carter called for 100 leaders to give him council at Camp David, he eventually gave his “Malaise Speech” denouncing materialism and saying that the American people have lost touch with moral character, he then proceeded to fire 4 cabinet secretaries to reorganize his staffing.
Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio
Know: Leonid Brezhnev, SALT II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Afghanistan, Hostage Crisis
22. What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency?
Leonid Brezhnev- Soviet Leader following Khruschev, signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) with Carter, right after, the Iranians finally took back their lands from the imposed tyrant Pahlevi, and at the same time, the soviets launched an attack on Afganistan seeking to control the oil supply of the world as well, they were met with fierce resistance, and thus Afghanistan was named Russia’s Vietnam. The Americans boycott the Olympics in Moscow and also placed an embargo on the USSR. All of this happened during the Iranian hostage Crisis 1979, during which the Iranians demanded Pahlevi to answer for his crimes, and the americans, the bastions of global peace refused them. After a faliure to rescue the hostages. American world immage further plummeted. Chapter #40: IDENTIFICATIONS
Edward Kennedy
Brother of JFK, Democratic Senator.
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian leader who met at the Camp David Accords with Israeli leader Meachem Begin moderated by President Nixon to discuss the prospect of peace
Geraldine Ferraro
First Woman on major party ticket, vice presidential nominate of Walter Mondale in the 1984 election
Jesse Jackson
One of the “Seven Dwarfs” who vied for presidency following president Nixon.
Sandra Day O'Connor
Conservative nominate by reagan to the Supreme court
"Supply-side economics"
Reaganomic practice of lowering taxes and cutting government budget
Moral Majority
political party of Religious Right Jerry Falwell
Grenada Invasion
By Reagan to take control after insurgency of leftists.
Strategic Defense Initiative
Started By Reagan as his game of soviet defeat via next gen spending war/ arms race
Reverse Discrimination
label placed on Nixonian affirmative action policy of biasing twoards minorities
Sunbelt
Virginia to California, new population center, post WWII
Roe v. Wade
Burger Court Decision to allow abortion
Chapter #40 Guided Reading Questions
The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980
Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, “ABC” movement
1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?
New Right- movement in response to the counter culture of 1960s, denouncing, abortion, pornography, homosexuals, feminism and affirmative action, championed prayer in schools and tougher criminal penalties, combined with old right to form a formidable force
“NeoConservatives”- Small but influential group of thinkers, including Norman Podhoretz, Irving Kristol reacting against liberalism of 1960s and big government, questioned affirmative action
“ABC Movement”- Anybody But Carter movement in the Democratic Party
Reagan was able to win due to his overwhelming popularity along with the divisiveness of the democratic party among its self.
The Reagan Revolution
Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, “welfare state,” “boll weevils”
2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?
Iranian hostage Release- happened on same day as Nixon’s inauguration
Nixon denounced the government as the problem and proceeded to ask for huge cuts in taxes, many were succumbing to this idea. California had a Tax rebellion in relation to this, when it passed proposition 13, drastically slashing property tax and forcing painful cuts on the government. Nixon also won over to his philosophy a group of southern conservative democrats known as the Boil Weevils.
The Battle of the Budget
Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, “yuppies”
3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?
Reagan was convinced that heavy tax cuts along side strict budget monitoring or “Supply Side Economics” would save the economy, however, that’s simply was not what happened, unemployment soared to 11 percent, several banks failures and the Auto Industry’s worst performance ensued along with the Reagan Recession of 1982. When the economy finally started moving a little, it was moving in the wrong direction, the gap between rich and poor widened, as seen with the emergence of “yuppies”, or young and really rich urban professionals
Reagan Renews the Cold War
Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, “Solidarity,” Olympic boycott
4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?
Reagan had the strategy of starting a new round of the arms race that was so fabulously expensive that the Soviets would not be able to keep up, immediately following, he would negotiate with the soviets from a position of overwhelming strength. He began his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) commonly known as Star Wars, to build a space shield or an Astrodome over the United States. US-Soviet Relations further worsened when Poland was crushing the liberal group as Solidarity by imposing martial law, in response, America began an embargo against Poland and Russia. Relations worsened when the USSR blew a Korean airplane out of the sky, claiming it was in Russian airspace, this plane was akin to the Lusitania of WWI, as it contained American citizens. The Soviet Bloc would subsequently boycott the s
Troubles Abroad
Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, “Teflon president,” Sandinistas, “contra” rebels
5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.
Israel opened settlements on its occupied west bank (creating international tension) and also invaded neighboring Lebanon to rid the Palestine guerilla fighters that had been terrorizing Israel, Reagan sent men into Lebanon to keep peace, but withdrew them after a foreseeable and devastating terrorist attack, he received no political damage for this devastating attack, causing him to be nicknamed the “Teflon President”.
In South America, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua was loudly denouncing America; Carter had enough sense to ignore them, Reagan Shouted back at them with double the fury. After noticing that the Sandinista Nicaragua was shipping weapons to the leftists of El Salvador, Reagan invaded El Salvador, and instructed the CIA to help the Contra rebels defeat the Nicaraguan anti American Sandinistas (he also ordered the mining of Nicaraguan shores). When the island governor of Grenada was killed by a leftist insurgency, Reagan conquered the island.
Round Two for Reagan
Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty
6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?
Walter Mondale- Reagan’s Democratic adversary in the election of 1984, he named congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro as vice president, the first time that a woman has appeared on a major party ticket. He lost because he was the Vice President of Carter.
Mikhail Gorbachev ascended to the Chairmanship of the USSR and announced two news making policies, Glasnost, or openness, which would allow free speech and political freedom. Also announced was Perestroika, or restructuring of the Russian economy by adopting free market policies. As the latter of the two policies required large amounts of money, Gorbachev announced an end to putting Immediate-range Nuclear Forces (INFs) near Western Europe and opened talks with Reagan to put an end to the cold war at last in May 1988 in the last of the Gorbachev-Reagan Summits.
Reagan was as tough as ever on his treatment of leftists, in 1986 he supported Corazon Aquino’s rebellion against dictator Fernando Marcos in the Philippines and also ordered an air raid on Libya for supporting terrorists that had bombed a disco place in west Germany.
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio
Know: Iran-contra affair
7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.
America faced 2 problems at the same time, in bloody Lebanon, American citizens had been taken hostage by Muslim extremists, and in Nicaragua the Contra Rebels were having a hard time fighting against the Sandinista government. Reagan asked, pleaded and ordered congress to give money to the contras and was refused every time, until in 1985 he secretly brokered a deal selling weapons to the Muslim extremists in exchange for the hostages and giving the money to the Contras. Regan when asked about this scandal denied knowledge of it, this casted an unfavorable light on Reagan as incapable mental lightweight who had acted his way to the presidency but avoided Reagan’s crucifixion as one who would defy the checks and balances of congress.
Reagan’s Economic Legacy
Know: “Reaganomics”
8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?
Victory in Regan’s deluded sense that he had made social spending near impossible
Failure in that Reaganomics created grotesque deficits and debts ensuring that future generations of Americans would have to work harder and lower their standards of living, Reagan’s joke of a presidency that reduced debts but increased spending added 2 trillion to the national debt, making America a debtor country. It also decreased the median household income from 33,000 to 31,000.
The Religious Right
Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, “identity politics”
9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?
“Religious Right”- a group of conservative evangelical Christians
Jerry Falwell, evangelical minister founded political party, the Moral Majority used televangelists, TV and radio to aggressively advocate conservative causes
Reflection of the Stormy Sixties (they blocked drafting, the RR blocks abortion clinics)
Identity politics- used traditionally by ethnic groups, the RR used it to form religious and moral groups
Conservatism in the Courts
Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey
10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?
Sandra Day O’Connor- a conservative woman who was the first woman to be named to be Supreme Court, nominated by Reagan with two other conservatives
Memphis Firefighters Case- Conservative court said that job seniority outweighs race
Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks- court forced suing parties to prove discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to state that they were the victims of reverse discrimination
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services- Court compromised Roe v. Wade by approving a Missouri Law that imposed certain restrictions on abortion
Planned Parenthood v. Casey- states could place a restriction on abortion provided that it did not produce an unfair burden on the woman- Pennsylvania cannot force a woman to tell her husband but could force a minor to tell her parents.
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988
Know: “Black Monday,” “Seven Dwarfs”
11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?
Reaganomics were the death of Savings and Loan (S&L) Institutions, causing more bank collapses than all times in US history excluding the Great Depression, On “Black Monday”, the stock market crashed 508 points.
7 democrats sought the democratic ticket to exploit this obvious republican failing; they were called the “Seven Dwarfs” front runner Gary Hart dropped out due to sexual misconduct, African American Jesse Jackson dropped for the same reason, the nomination fell to Michael Dukakis, who was unfortunately boring and unwilling to exploit the many failings of the Reagan administration causing the win to be taken by republican candidate and Vice President of Reagan, George HW Bush.
George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, “ethnic cleansing,” Nelson Mandela
12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?
Bush stated that he would create a kinder and gentler America but was cold and indifferent during the Tiananmen Square incident when after the Chinese government crushed a liberal movement, following which Bush did nothing.
Communism was being toppled over like dominos in Eastern Europe, first in Poland with Solidarity then, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Romania, The Berlin Wall fell in December 1989.
In Russia, Old Guard Politicians instigated a military coup on Gorbachev, but Gorbachev with the help of Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian Republic (one of the several republics of the USSR), Gorbachev remained in power, following his resignation, and Yeltsin ruled the new Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) he signed the START II treaty with Bush in 1993 pledging to reducing both nation’s arsenals by 2/3 over 10 years.
Chechnyan Minority in Russia tried to rebel, brutally crushed; Western Europe struggled to contain the newly accepted and economically poorly off Eastern Europe. Yugoslavia also experienced horrible ethnic cleansing
Former war industries like aerospace and weapons manufacturing have to be shut down, economic collapse in some communities
South Africa liberates and elects Nelson Mandela
Contras beat Sandinistas in South America
El Salvador becomes peaceful
The Persian Gulf Crisis
Know: Saddam Hussein, “Operation Desert Storm” (“hundred-hour war”)
13. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?
Bush uses armies to quell Panama by taking out its drug lord leader Manuel Noriega
Iraq ruler Saddam Hussein had been in an 8 year war with Iran, needed money to pay debts, invaded Kuait in1989, the US had actually given Saddam his weapons, America in the 1980s hated Iran very much and Iraq was at war with Iran, so America used the thoughts of “The Enemy of My Enemy is My Friend”. The UN exercised its power for the first time here, America sent general Norman (“Stormin Norman”) Schwarzkopf to invade, Operation Desert Storm lasted 4 days, the hundred hour war forced Saddam to sue for peace
Bush on the Home Front
Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, “read my lips…”
14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- preventing discrimination against those with disabilities
Water Bill putting environment in front of agriculture
Bush was against civil rights bills for minorities and tried to veto bills making it easier to prove discrimination.
Clarence Thomas- Bush’s African American conservative nomination to the supreme court
Anita Hill- Law Professor who accused Clarence Thomas of Sexual harassment, regardless, Thomas became the second Supreme Court justice
Due to the dying economy, Bush at last consented to adding to taxes, breaking his campaign pledge “read my lips, no new taxes”.
Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?
Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will
15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.
Social, Eocnomic and Political, the biggest factor was likely social, public perception and morality were the maker and breakers of presidents and politicians in this new and changing age. Are you APUSHover? How does it feel the finish your second AP resource book? Explain Three words, Exhausted, Excited and Elated
Joseph McCarthy or “McCarthyism”
US senator and famous red hunter who initially accused
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Couple alleged to be spies for Russia and excecuted during the cold war, the only individuals to be excecuted during “peace” time.
Adlai Stevenson
Opponent of Dwight D Eisenhower, a democrat who succeeded Truman due to Truman’s Conduct in the Korean War Affair by firing MacArthur
Richard Nixon
Famous red hunter who accused Alger Hiss of being a communist.
Yalta Conference
Confrence where FDR, Churchill and Stalin met for the last time, decided on policy for post war Germany and FDR asked Stalin to help with Japan by “giving” China to Russia
United Nations
created following Yalta conference with the exclusive purpose of promoting interest in international cooperation
Iron Curtain
Invisible yet unbreakable boundary between east and west europe
Berlin airlift
1948 event in which america continuously flew supplies to west Berliners who Stalin had cut off from use of railroads and roads
Containment
American foreign policy created by soviet specialist George Kennan that was to keep soviet communism where it was.
Truman Doctrine
Truman’s pledge to give 400 million to Turkey and Greece to fight communist influence
Marshall Plan
Plan created between Turman and Secretary of State George Marshall to pledge 12.5 billion to global reconstruction
National Security Act
called for creation of National Security Counscil, Department of Defense and the Central Inteligence Agency
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Created when Britain, France, Belgium, Luxeumberg, and the Netherlands entered into a defensive alliance with america
Taft-Hartley Act
Legislation forcing unions to pay dammages caused, outlawing all union (closed) shops and forcing union leaders to pledge an oath of loyalty.
Fair Deal
Truman’s anounced post 1948 internal policies
Thirty-eighth parallel
Line drawn between north and south Korea
NSC-68
Legislation that quadrupled the american military spending as a response to the cold war
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
GNP- gross national product
Taft Hartley Act- passed over Truman’s veto, outlawed all union (Closed) shops, made unions liable for damages and made union leaders swear against communism.
Council of Economic Advisors- created by Employment Act of 1946 to promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power, 3 member council to advise president
GI Bill- Officially the Servicemen’s readjustment act, made it easier for veterans to go to schools and to buy homes and start businesses (Veterans Administration to do the latter)
Following WWII from 1946 to 1947, the economy slumped, prices shot up and agitation increased, 1946, million man strike for auto industry workers.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Post WWII, the American people soared to affluence, as 4% of global population they commanded 60% of the global economy. Middle class standard shot up from 3,000 to10,000 per year and included 60% of Americans. The new citizens; norm was 2 cars per family with televisions and pools and other signs of wealth. Money lead to social movements’ success, allowed for civil rights, welfare programs like Medicare, and allowed American involvement in Cold War.
Majority of new jobs were white colored and they went to women, women became a fourth of the national workforce and this contrasted with the demands of the traditional female role and caused feminist revolt in 1960s.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
R and D- Research and Development the new term referencing to the method of scientific advancement made by the post WWII Americans.
Productivity- soared post WWII during 1950 Korean War, Americans’ productivity increased by more than 3 percent per year, productivity reinforced by fact that by 1970 90% of the school-aged children were enrolled. Americans in 1970 were twice as productive as they were in 1950, and as such quality of life doubled as well.
Following WWII, America was the only modernized nation not in ruins, and as such their wealth soared, part of it was due to the war economy, in which defense made up 10 percent of the national budget. US Research and Development took up he lead in development of aerospace, plastics and electronics. Cheap energy increased the rate of development, cheap energy from 1945 to 1970 spread power cords, highways, AC units across the nation. Farmers also benefitted from this increase in modern technology, due to new fertilizers and machinery(tractors), 1 farmer by 1950 could produce enough food for 15 people. By 1990s, farmers were only 2 percent of the population yet fed nearly everyone.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
The people’s mass movement to the suburbs created mass separation of formerly close families, causing books like Dr. Spock’s The Common Sense Books of Baby and Child Care, a book which capitalized by the fact that people no longer had the homely wisdom of parents and grand parents at hand. Furthermore, there was a huge population shift to the crescent area from Virginia to California known as the Sunbelt that exploded in population, and far outdistanced the former northeastern population center now called the Frost Belt and the Ohio valley area of industry states called the rust belt. Politically speaking, as the people moved to the Sunbelt, the political influence attached to them moved there as well, the nation was now politically redrawn.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
Federal Housing Authority (FHA)- Similar to VA in that it made it easier for homeowners to obtain suburban housing, but was racially biased towards whites and would often only loan to whites, with the exception of suburbs set aside as black suburbs, solidifying segregation.
Veterans Administration (VA) – with the FHA made loans for homeowners in suburbs easier to obtain
White Flight- the movement of white Americans from the industrial cities to suburbs
Levittown- towns built by the methods of the Levitt brothers who sprouted the first Levittown on Long Island by using the method of building with standardized plans and factory made parts.
As the affluence of America flooded out of the cities and into the suburbs, modern creations such as shopping malls and downtown shops sprang to creation to follow the wealth of America. African Americans and other peoples of color in turn took up residence in the large cities, which made them less affluent. This furthered racial segregation of whites and blacks, which is and was bad.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
Baby Boom- The post WWII increase in number of children caused by frequent tying of the knot between the returning soldiers and their lady friends. Caused huge echoes in the American economy.
The baby boom caused huge shockwaves in the American economy as its members grew to maturity, by 1950, more than 50 million babies had been added, which created a massive market for baby food manufacturers, as well as teachers, but this huge wave of children left many unemployed as they grew up. By the 1960s, this new group of many created a 20 billion dollar market for clothes and rock music. In the 1970s, Jeans were able to soar to popularity to match the tastes of the kids. When the 1980s rolled around, these kids became adults going through the American job market. When these kids finally met up and got married, they created a sizeable population jump in the 1990s comparable to that of the 40s and 50s
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)- set interest rates of 2 to 3 percent for the Americans taking loans on suburban housing
Levittowners- people with some college education and were 3rd or 4th generation
As the affluent middle class and working Americans went off to suburbs, social gathering locations like Women’s clubs and churches had a harder time gathering the spread out people. New American interests revolved around home improvement or home centered activities like the TV or home improvement. Suburbanites had continued to depend on cities for jobs but fought to maintain separation from cities, naming their dwellings after pastoral locations. African Americans started to move out to the suburbs in the 1980s increasing suburb diversity but white flight patterns endured.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
“The Buck Stops Here”- Truman’s responsibility was exemplified by this quote which was displayed on White House Desk.
Truman was stubborn, average, loyal, moral and hot-tempered all at the same time. Thrust into the presidents seat after FDR’s death, Truman rose to political success through a Kansas City political machine, but was lucky enough to not be tainted with a bad record. Truman took a hardline policy against the Russians, offending the Soviet Foreign Minister. Truman however, like Grant, was a bit incapable in that he was unable to reject the advances of his cronies and took to responding with hot anger to his critics. However, Truman had a strong sense of moral responsibility and was a very capable leader in that regard.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
Tehran Conference- First conference between FDR and Stalin in 1943
Yalta Conference- 1945 conference between FDR, Churchill and Stalin right before the fall of Nazi Germany where the allies finalized plans for Germany, Japan and created the United Nations, Stalin promised free elections in his parts of Easter Europe (he lied)
At the Yalta conference, FDR decided that Japan would be difficult to attack and sought Russian assistance. Due to Russia’s high number of casualties, Stalin was able to extract a high price for his assistance. In return for attacking Japan from Manchuria three months after Germany’s surrender, Stalin wanted south Sakhalin Island, the Railroads of China’s Manchuria, and special privileges in the two local seaports, Dairen and Port Arthur, essentially selling China to the soviets. Japan broke following the nuclear attacks by America but Russian maintained its hold and china became soviet, nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
Communism/Capitalism- Two conflicting socioeconomic philosophies of the US and USSR in reverse respective order.
Sphere of Influence- Zone in which the USSR controlled the countries within through force
The US’s policies caused the USSR to harbor distrust, the US and England were hesitant to open up a new front on western Germany when Russia paid a high price in lives to keep the Germans out of eastern Europe, the Americans and British also froze Germany out of the nuclear arms development, what’s more the US had rejected the USSR reconstruction aid which it gave to England causing severe distrust. Stalin opened up his sizeable sphere of influence to protect Russian interest, but the Americans in turn saw his actions as imperialist. Both countries were similar in that they had a history of missionary diplomacy through which they pushed out their governmental policies to others, and so the cold war a forty-year endeavor was launched.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Founded in 1944 by Western allies created in New Hampshire, meant to promote world trade by regulating currency exchange rates
World Bank- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development also created with the IMF for the purpose of giving aid to war torn areas.
Security Council- Created by the UN and dominated by the Big Five, England, France, America, China and the USSR to promote cooperation
General Assembly- Created by the UN to give smaller nations a voice
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/ World Health Organization (WHO)- created to benefit the people the world over
Following WWII, the IMF and the World Bank were set up by the western allies to promote reconstruction, with the US taking the lead, unlike following WWI. The UN was created and was ratified with haste in the Senate unlike the League of Nations, and embodied the many principles of Wilson’s 14 Points. The LoN presumed conflict; the UN presumed cooperation and created the Security Council to promote peace and the UNESCO, FAO and WHO to promote world health and wellbeing.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
Nuremberg- site of German War Crime Trials that took place following WWII, where all identified German leaders were tried and dealt with accordingly.
Hermann Goering- Foxy Goering took a cyanide pill hours before his noose
Big Four- America, England, USSR and France, which split post War Germany into four zones of occupation, with the exception of Berlin in the Russian territory, which was also split into four zones of occupation.
Iron Curtain- The invisible but unbreakable barrier set between Western and Eastern Europe drawn at the separation point of East and West Germany.
Berlin Airlift- An astounding example of American Resistance and dedication that was the continued flight of American supplies into the city of Berlin after the USSR had tried to send a message via the use of cutting the city and the western parts of it off from railroad and highways.
Germany was a great site of dispute, America and the allies came to the realization that they needed to allow Germany to return to former economic prosperity if Europe was to make a economic recovery of its own. However, war ravaged Germany exacted high and brutal reparations from Germany, which Stalin insisted that he had been promised at Yalta. Stalin was motivated by the threat of a reindustrialized Germany as well as the need for technology in industry-starved Russia. The Iron Curtain was then created between Eastern and Western Europe. In 1948, following German currency disputes, Stalin cut off all land routs to Berlin, sealing off the allied parts of Berlin and hoping to gain the city, in response, America began the Berlin Airlift, a process of daily deliveries of supplies to the west Berliners, with his bluff called, Stalin lifted the blockade of Berlin.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
George Kennan- American politician and Soviet specialist who created the Containment policy
Containment- Idea of keeping communism where it is and preventing it from spreading elsewhere by George Kenan
Reinhold Niebuhr- Protestant clergyman who denounced communism as the stuff of Satan and evil
Truman Doctrine- Doctrine pledging 400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey against Communism
Marshall Plan- Plan for global recovering pledging 12.5 billion, most of it to Europe, created by Truman’s secretary of state George C. Marshall
European Community (EC)- Western European group created for the purpose of joint recovery
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRAA)- organization through which the US gave 2 billion, which was then spread, around the world
Truman took on Keenan’s policy of Containment against the Soviets and started with the Truman Doctrine through which he aided the governments of Greece and Turkey against communism. He used ionization of the world and saw it as pro communist or pro democracy and used this as the base of his foreign policy. In response to the nations, France, Germany, and Italy possibly falling to the Soviet threat, Truman launched the Marshall plan but spiked it with terms unacceptable to the soviets, further alienating the Russians. To secure Middle Eastern oil, Truman recognized the Jewish state of Israel partially out of Holocaust sympathies against the wishes of most of the world.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
National Security Act- passed in 1974 creating the Department of Defense and the National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Department- to be in pentagon
Joint Chiefs of Staff- of Air force, Army and Navy
National Security Council- created to advise the president on security maters
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)- Created to coordinate foreign intelligence
Voice of America- radio program reestablished in 1948 to broadcast American news beyond the iron curtain
Selective Service System- created in 1948 and reinstate drafting
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- France, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Britain signed the defensive alliance in 1948 and America agreed to join them, treaty signed in Washington in 1949, West Germany, Greece and Turkey also joined
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
Douglas MacArthur- American General in charge of settling down Japan, who made the Japanese adopt policies of anti-military policy and equal treatment for women and proceeded to end occupation
Jiang Jieshi- Nationalist leader of China who lost China to Mao Zedong and fled to Taiwan
Mao Zedong- Communist leader of China who was able to take over partially due to the aid he received via Stalin through Manchuria against Jiang Jieshi
H-bomb- created by J. Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein and exploded in 1952 at Bikini Atoll, in response to the Russian’s use of a nuclear bomb in 1949, the Russians exploded their hydrogen bomb in 1953
China as red was more troublesome to deal with, as it became another communist superpower. Russia was even more troublesome in that it speed along to develop its own nuclear powers, with pride and country at stake; Truman had to respond with further development of his own, despite warnings from Einstein and Oppenheimer.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
Smith Act- 1940 sedition act which caught 11 violaters in 1949 and brought them before the court of new york
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)- Congress created group in 1938 to investigate subversion
Richard M. Nixon- HUAC member and famous red hunter who in 1948 lead the chase after Alger Hiss accused him of being communist in the 1930s, found guilty of perjury in 1950
Alger Hiss- See above, sentenced to 5 years in prison
Joseph R. McCarthy- Uber Conservative red hunter
McCarran Internal Security Bill- passed in 1950 over Truman’s veto, called for arrest of people during a “Internal Security Emergency”
Julius and Ethel Rosenburg- couple accused of and executed during peacetime for the crime of spying for the reds
The conservative branch of the US government went too far to ensure safety of its people during this time, Truman’s 1970 “Loyalty Program” investigated a list of 90 supposedly red states and the Loyalty board investigated 3000 federal employees, the loyalty oaths on teachers were a bit extreme, the HUAC investigations did more harm than good, the Smith Act seemed unconstitutional and the McCarran Internal Security bill was way out of line.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Thomas E Dewey- Republican nominate in 1948 election
Strom Thurmond- Dixiecrat candidate from southern democratic states
Henry Wallace- vice president of Truman in his first term (after FDR’s death) also a candidate in 1948
Do nothing congress- The congress of Truman was republican dominated and as such were unwilling to take actions in accord with Truman
Point Four- Truman’s new policy of spending to maintain containment
Fair Deal- Truman’s intended internal policies following 1948 election
Truman’s domestic programs had many facets, the only ones to survive the southern democrat and republican congressmen were Social Securities act of 1950, Housing act of 1949 and a raise of the minimum wadge
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
38th parallel- above it in Korea the soviets accepted the Japanese surrender and the Americans accepted below it
Dean Acheson- Secretary of state under Truman
NSC-68- National Security Council 68 was passed due to Korean War and quadrupled military spending in america
Korean war was the first war between Democracy and Communism,
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
Pusan was where the south Koreans were forced into until MacArthur lead an American assault from Inchon and nearly conquered Korea until Chinese “Volunteers” attacked. MacArthur wanted to attack China in retaliation but was prohibited from doing so by Truman, who did not want to escalate the conflict. MacArthur began to complain in public, forcing Truman to fire him, but due to popularity, Mac Arthur was rehired.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20 What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
That American overreaction was the cause of the war
Chapter #37: IDENTIFICATIONS Earl Warren
Supreme court Justice who took the moral high road when it came to civil rights who tried ardently to get Eisenhower’s attention and support
Rosa Parks
African American woman who started the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of north Vietnam, supported by Russia
Ngo Dinh Diem
nationalist leader of south vietnam, supported by america
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Cannal and started the Suez Crisis.
Nikita Khruschev
Primier of the USSR following Stalin’s death who denounced Stalin’s policies but was still cold to the west
Fidel Castro
Communist revolutionary who overcame the nationalist Cuban government of Fulgencio Batista
Desegregation / integration
Policy taken with the Indian New Deal on Native Americans
massive retaliation
As advocated by Secretary of state John Dulles, this policy called for creation fo SAC to use colossal nuclear force in response to Chinese/Russian soviet movement.
military-industrial complex
Triangle of government, military and industry
Brown v. Board of Education
Defining case in civil rights movement, Supreme court rulled that separate is not equal
Geneva Conference
Conference opened up to discuss disarmament which lead to no results
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
predominantly western organization founded to contain communist advances in southeast asia
Hungarian Revolt
Revolt against the soviet Union that was crushed when the americans refused to and were unable to help due to Dulles’ new massive retaliation policy.
Suez Crisis
Crisis when Nasser nationalized the Suez Cannal which threatened Western Oil Supply, causing France and Britain to launch a joint strike against Egypt but the pair were denounced by Eisenhower who refused them american oil, causing them to leave Egypt and the UN to maintain peace instead
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower’s foreign policy as seen with Lebanon which requested aid against Egypt which was delivered by the Americans
Sputnik
Launched by the Russians in 1957, caused america to realize the massive missle gap between the two countries
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)
Also created in response to missle gap with the russians created 866 million dollars to loan to college students
U-2 Incident
Incident in which during the Camp David meeting of Eisenhower and Khruschev, an american U-2 Plane was shot down, rendering the talks moot
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
IBM- International Business Machines
The Feminine Mystique- by Betty Friedan, launched modern feminism movement
Ozzie and Harriet- New shows promoting cult of domesticity
Job Markets exploded; white colored jobs now outnumbered blue colored ones, but not all women were taking them, a new series of government reinforcement of the values of motherhood, women once more lost their place in the job market to men
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
America had now become an affluent consumer spending based society, Diners Clubs and Fast food restaurants and public enjoyment parks with Television becoming a national commodity and popular music dominated by the Rock of Elvis Presley and Sexual attitudes set by Marilyn Monroe. Televangelists also took advantage of this new medium known as television and as did companies, spending 10 billion a year on commercials. Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society criticized this new influx of irresponsible wealth.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
Due to the MacArthur affair, Truman was set aside by the democrats in favor of Adali E. Stevenson, Stevenson in turn squared up against Dwight D. Eisenhower, the most popular man in America at the time and also the Republican Cantidate. Stevenson, due to charges of appeasement by Nixon (The Vice Presidential nominate of Eisenhower), Adlai had no chance. When Nixon was found to own a secret Slush Fund, he recovered with the Checkers speech, in which he used his dog to defend his actions, and the public bought it. Eisenhower also launched a series of tv- commercials, the first of their kind. Post Election, Eisenhower went off on a flying trip to north Korea, and with threat of nuclear force, settled the war at last.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
McCarthy was the most loud mouthed and violent of the red hunters, he based likely nothing on fact, as seen when he accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of employing 225 communists, then 57 then forced to admit there were none. McCarthy’s accusations were devastating to individuals. McCarthy’s popularity was his real weapon, and with it he forced many businesses to close and many federal employees to resign, including Asian specialists who would have been decisive in the Vietnam conflict. McCarthy finally went too far when he lambasted the military causing his demise.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
Jim Crow Laws- Legislation in south enforcing the separate but equal Plessey vs Ferguson decision
Emmett Till- 14 year old African American lynched for allegedly leering at a white woman
Jackie Robinson- First in a wave of desegregation, first nationally acclaimed black athlete
NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples, lead by Thurgood Marshall, used legislation to fight for civil rights causes
Rosa Parks/ Montgomery Bus Boycott/ MLK- too easy
Sweatt Vs Painter- Black Professional schools failed to meet tests of equality
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
Brown V. Board decided that in the case of the a little Girl in Kansas, separate was not equal for schools, accomplished by supreme court judge Earl Warren
All Deliberate Speed- Supreme court telling south to desegregate faster
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)- Founded by Martin Luther King jr to mobilize the well established black churches in the south
SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)- student made organization to promote organization of events such as sit-ins
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
African Americans made the move to the north and the west out of economic and social reasons, as they received appalling treatment in the south.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
Dynamic Conservatism- Be liberal of social issues and be conservative on economic issues
Creeping socialism- combatted with the use of private companies against the TVA, condemning free anti polio medicine as socialist and turning oil fields to states instead of national government
Eisenhower made large cuts in Truman’s plans with NSC 68 and also incorporated FDR’s new deal into his policies, popularizing social security, also passing the Interstate Highway Act as a public works project
Operation Wetback rounded up illegal Mexican immigrants, “Indian New Deal” threatened to dissolve the tribes and absorb them
Due to his harsh treatment of minorities and heavy control of the economy at the same time, Eisenhower was only true to half his word when he promised Dynamic Conservatism.
A “New Look” in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
John Foster Dulles- Secretary of state of Eisenhower promised an age or not confining soviet advances but rather rolling them back while spending less money. Dulles urged and Eisenhower approved of the creation of the SAC (Strategic Air Command) that was an aerial fleet of super bombers equipped with country destroying nuclear weapons to impose massive retaliation on China and the USSR if necessary. This policy proved moot when the Hungarians went without aid from the Americans as the US had now an unusable weapon
Military Industrial Complex- Triangle of National Armed Forces, Legislators and Industries that form the triangle of the new military policies.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh- Communist leader of North Vietnam
Dienbienphu- fortress where French troops were hung out to dry by the Americans, forcing the UN to divide Vietnam into north and south
Ngo Dinh Diem- leader of nationalist south Vietnam, which was suppose to have free elections but due to the fact that the communists were more popular, the free elections there were scrapped
Split at 17th parallel- Vietnam was following UN intervention
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)- organization of (mostly) western powers to preserve a climate of non communism in southeast Asia, considered to be a failed organization
The US got involved in the Vietnam Conflict when Eisenhower promised economic and military assistance to South Vietnam following, Eisenhower’s decision to go against Dulles and Nixon in bombing the enemies of Dienbienphu
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
The US was concerned in the Middle East because of the massive oil supplies contained there powered the entire modern world, including the US.
When communism supposedly appeared in Iran, the CIA and British Intelligence instigated a joint coup to install young and corrupt Mohammad Reza Pahlevi as Shah and Dictator of Iran.
A flare-up occurred when Gamal Abdel Nasser gained control of Egypt as president, when he seemed to near communism, Dulles pulled economic support meant for Egypt to build a dam on the Nile, as payback, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal (Suez Crisis), causing England and France to declare war on Egypt, but the pair didn’t count on the fact that Eisenhower would denounce their actions and cut them off from American oil, for the first time in history the UN was brought in to keep peace in Egypt.
OPEC- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela formed in 1960 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
Ike against Adlai Stevenson round 2, Stevie lost
AF of L and CIO expelled Teamsters for using people like Jimmy Hoffa who tampered with juries and acted out criminal like acts under the pretense of supporting the Unions
The Response was the Landrum-Griffin Act, similar to Taft-Harley in that it made Unions pay for economic damages, also prohibited some forms of bullying and protest tactics
Missile Gap emerged- Soviets launched Sputnik I on October 4th 1957 and Sputnik II when America couldn’t even get to space, NASA created to mostly create viable ICBMs by February 1958, the Us launched their first space bound satellite
To combat education gap, congress in 1958 created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) to give 887 million in loans to college students to promote education.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
Due to increasingly environmentally harmful testing, the soviets in March 1958 declared a suspension in testing and the US followed up in October 1958
Nuclear War almost spiked in Lebanon in July 1958 when Communist Egypt threatened Lebanon with war but the US settled the matter without the loss of a single life
Khrushchev invited into Washington in 1959 to discuss disarmament at Camp David, but the matter was ruined when an American U-2 Spy Plane was shot down in Russia during the talks
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
America hated in South America for lack of support economically and too much political interference (ousting of leftist Nicaraguan goverment)
America had formerly supported supposedly anti communist Fulgencio Batista and had invested much money into Cuba but revolutionary Fidel Castro ousted Fulgencio. Castro nationalized the American possessions in Cuba and created a soviet window into America. America took in the anti –Castro Cubans and enacted the Helms- Burton Act in 1996 to place a permanent Embargo on Cuba.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
Nixon- New experienced Nixon
Kitchen Debate- In Moscow between Nixon and Khrushchev in a finger-pointing bout, Nixon did very well
Kennedy was the democratic candidate who beat out Lyndon B Johnson in the nomination who advocated for the Brave New Frontier of the American people to make sacrifices to achieve greatness
Kennedy wanted more American prestige, Nixon said we had enough, nevertheless, Kennedy Looked better than Nixon and therefore was the better cantidate
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959
Eisenhower, prevented escalation of conflict in east Asia, Egypt, Lebanon all except Vietnam, he also was cool and indifferent to civil rights as well as minorities such as Hispanics and native Americans, but was nevertheless able to weave in democratic ideas such as FDR’s new deal into his policy, helping the forgotten man, which makes him an all right guy.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
Catch-22- Satire on airmen policies in mediterranean
Arthur Miller- poet who took on american values
Catcher in the Rye- portait of jewish upperclass boy
George Orwell- science fiction
These works communicate and mirror the america at the time they were published, in that both parties are searching for role and identity and deciding wrong and right from one another.
Chapter #38: IDENTIFCATIONS
Robert F. Kennedy
“Bobby”, brother of and inheretor of JFK’s legacy, Attorney General under Kennedy who orderd FBI director J Edgar Hoover to divert resources from organized crime response to “internal security”. Also a dove democratic cantidate in 1948 whose life was unfortunately cut short by an irate Arab immigrant who could not stand his pro-Israel policy.
Robert S. McNamara
Secretary of Defense under JFK who was told by JFK to promote “Flexible Response” as the foreign policy in place of the “Massive Retaiation” of the secretary of state of Eisenhower, John Dulles.
Martin Luther King, Jr
Southern Black baptist preecher who lead the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) for the purpose of desegregating America.
Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassin of JFK who himself was assassinated by Jack Ruby.
Barry Goldwater
Uber conservative Republican Cantidate in 1964 election who was cast accurately as a gunslinging trigger happy nuclear guy and accordingly lost.
Malcolm X
Prominent member of the second wave of african american civil rights movements who was formerly a Nation of Islam member and advocated black seperatism, different from the black assimilation of MLK.
Stokely Carmichael
Leader of the SNCC (Student National Coordinating Conference) who advovcated black seperatism along with black power.
Eugene McCarthy
Minnesota Democratic Senator who ran for president in 1968 election, promoted anti war policies “go clean for gene”, lost nomination to Hubert H Humphrey
Hubert H. Humphrey
Vice president of LBJ and Democratic cantidate in 1968 election, wanted to continue LBJ’s policy of turning up the pressure in Vietnam, lost to Richard Nixon.
George Wallace
Third party cantidate in the 1968 election who inhereted the Dixiecrat mantle of Strom Thurmond, ran with former air force General Curtis LeMay and advocated for permenant segregation along with “bombing Vietnam back to the stone age”.
Flexible response
Foreign policy of JFK to replace the massive retaliation of John Dulles, acted out by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, idea was to scale response to the size of the problem/conflict, good in principal, apalling in practice as it sank the US deep into the Vietnam War.
Credibility Gap
Created In part by Arizona Senator William Fullbright who aired a series f view of the Vietnam War (mostly antiwar), causing the american people to come to believe that the war was without purpose or end (both true).
New Frontier
New world advocated by JFK that the american people faced, JFK advised the people to brace themselves for a new world of challenges in his campaign.
Peace Corps
Group of young people who JFK created to assist with natural disasters and poverty around the world.
Alliance of Progress
JFK’s policy with south america, the equivalent of a south american Marshall Plan, meant to promote relations and economic health in south america, accomplishe neither.
Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
Staged by american government under JFK, 1,200 Cuban exiles landing at the Bay of Pigs in an effort to reclaim Cuba, failed, worsening US-Cuba Relations
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
started when american spy planes saw Russians moving nuclear weapons to america, started week-long standoff between america and russia, Russia consents in the end and agrees to remove missiles in cuba if america removes their missles in Turkey, created Hotline between Washington and Moscow along with the ban on Nuclear Testing in 1963 as well as Kennedy’s speech in 1963 denouncing the Communism=evil view of Rhinehold Niebur.
Great Society
Term used by LBJ to refer to his administration’s acts regarding domestic policy, supported by LBJ’s Big Four, Education, Immigration, Social Security and a New Voting act (of 1965)
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Passed by LBJ during the election of 1964 when a flareup occurred near North Vietnam beaches, this gave executive power to the president to use as much force as he wanted in southeast asia, also used for political reasons, LBJ stated that he did this to limit the conflict, implying that Goldwater would (and Goldwater probally would) escalate the war
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Passed after JKF’s death by LBJ, prohibited discrimination in public places, gave the government power to enforce de-segregation in schools and also created the Equal Employment Office Commission (EEOC) to prevent segregation in hiring, conservatives tacked on the provision that women too would get these benefits thinking that the bill would be too hot to pass, but the act passed, despite Strom Thurmond’s 24 hour and 18 minute Filibuster.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Passed by LBJ in response to the violence that peaceful proterstors were met with at Selma, Alabama, prohibited the use of literacy tests in elections and placed registrars in southern states, went along well with the 24th Amendment which prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections
Tet Offensive 1968
Launched on Tet, the Vietnamese new year against 26 cities in South Vietnam, including the capital Saigon, tellling sign to Americans that the war was both ill concieved and also un-winnable.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
John F. Kennedy- youth and vigor personified his new administration, something of Harvard and Irish, Robert Frost advised him to be more Irish than Harvard
Robert “Bobby” Kennedy- Brother of JFK who was attorney general, tried to recast role of FBI as in charge of Internal defense which diverted away from the FBI’s ability to deal with organized crime against the wishes of FBI director J Edgar Hoover
Robert McNamara- Left Ford Motors to take over Defense Department
Peace Corps- group started by JFK to deal with poverty and natural disasters along with underdeveloped countries
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
Kennedy first expanded the formerly all conservative house rules committee but nevertheless had difficulty in passing new deal legislation through the Republican/ Southern Democrat Congress, causing medical and educational bills to be stuck in congress
Kennedy wanted companies to keep the lid on or decrease prices so that the economy would be able to recover, when the steel companies increased prices, he called the coporation owners and forced them to back down
Kennedy also advocated for a general tax cut, which was immediately shot down
Furthermore, Kennedy ordered a multibillion-dollar project to land an American on the moon, though initially unpopular, after 24 billion, America was able to get 2 astronauts in 1969 onto the moon.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Berlin Wall- A literal wall erected in East Berlin by the soviets to prevent people from escaping to West Berlin
Common Market- American encouraged free trade area that would eventually become the European Union
Trade Expansion Act- cutting tariffs up to 50% to promote trade with other countries
Charles de Gaulle- French President who refused Britain’s admission to the Common Market in an attempt to keep American influence out of Europe due to the existing ties between England and America
At Vienna in a talk with Khrushchev, Kennedy was threatened with cutting off of western access to Berlin as Stalin had done to Eisenhower, however, Khrushchev backed down but at the price of the construction of the Berlin wall. Kennedy encouraged economic growth in Western Europe by helping to create the Common Market as well as passing the Trade Expansion Act however, his kind gestures were refused by Charles De Gaulle president of France who deliberately kept English and with it American influence out of France
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
Laos- State in southeast Asia that was experiencing a civil war following the absence of French Colonial powers, knowing that he could not protect Laos and help Europe, Kennedy instigated the 14 power Geneva Conference of 1962 to place a shaky peace on Laos.
Due to the inability of action that Secretary Dulles had created with his policy of massive retaliation, Kennedy told Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to pursue a policy of flexible retaliation to meet the severity of the conflict and also created the special forces (Green Berets)
Robert McNamara- secretary of defense
Flexible Response- policy of matching response to problem
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
Ngo Diem- nationalist leader of south Vietnam who the US initially supported but came to hate and eventually help overthrow, ironic in that the US was suppose to prevent Disintegration and promote integration, not the reverse as occurred here
Viet Cong- Guerilla warriors whose traps and maneuvers outmatched the US’s technological superiority
Modernization Theory- The idea that eastern countries could develop a path toward democracy by following the west, promoted by Walt Rostow The Stages of Economic Growth, a Eurocentric theory
Flexible Response did not work as it should in South Vietnam due to its nature of never-ending self-fulfilling prophecies, as seen in Vietnam, once the Americans entered the fray with “military advisors”, they could only send more and more men.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
Alliance for Progress- Kennedy’s attempt to reconcile relations with South America, this act was the equivalent of a Marshall plan for South America, did little to help the economic status of South America and even less to help relations
Fidel Castro- Cuban leftist revolutionary, many attempted assassinations by America further drove him to Communism
Bay of Pigs- 1961, Kennedy’s attempt to rid Cuba of leftist influence when he armed and deployed 1200 nationalist Cuban exiles into Cuba’s Bay of Pigs, attempt would fail miserably, causing the detainment of the nationalists and the further driving of Cuba to Communism
Cuban Missile Crisis- Began in 1962 when American spy planes saw soviets installing nuclear weapons in Cuba, Kennedy demanded that said weapons be removed and also stated that an attack from Cuba would incur an attack on Russia, conflict ended on October 28th when Khrushchev agreed to move the nuclear missiles out of Cuba if America would remove their missiles in Turkey, following this, Russian hardliners began a process of mass accumulation of nuclear weapons.
Nikita Khrushchev
Anti Missile Testing pact- signed 1963
Quarantine
Hot Line- Between Moscow and Washington
1963 Kennedy Speech- denouncing the view of Rhinehold Niebur that Communism was evil and urging Americans to pursue a policy of peaceful coexistence
Cuba was the low of Kennedy’s presidency because he nearly brought the world to an end over a easily resolved issue, it was the high of his presidency because following the event he signs the anti missile testing pact, creates the hot line and denounces the view that communists were evil.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
Freedom Riders- Individuals who set out to use interstate busses to counter discrimination
Martin Luther King Jr.- Worked closely with Kennedy to promote integration, Hoover was ordered by Robert Kennedy to tap MLK’s phone lines for fear of him communicating with communists
SNCC- Student non violence coordinating committee, worked with Kennedy to create the Voter Education Project to educate Southern black voters and to register them for voting
James Meredith- 29 year old air force veteran who applied to attend the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and was met with such disapproval that Kennedy had to send 400 Marshalls and 3,000 troops to enroll him
Birmingham- The most segregated in city in America, despite the fact that its population was half African American, when MLK began trying to integrate the city in1963, peaceful protesters were met with electric cattle prods, attack dogs and high pressure water hoses, JFK saw this and declared it a “Moral Issue”, and pushed for more Civil Rights legislation
March on Washington- Lead by Martin Luther King on September 1963, a 200,00 man march onto Washington where he delivered his “I have a Dream” speech
Medgar Evers- black Mississippi civil rights activist assassinated by a white gunman
Kennedy’s inaction before the acts upon African American were perpetuated were the cause of said actions, but his actions were responses to these acts of violence, such as his cooperation with MLK
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
Lee Harvey Oswald- Man who assassinated Kenney on November 22, 1963
Jack Ruby- man who assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald
Warren Commission- Created by president LBJ to investigate the killing of president Kennedy
Due to the high popularity of Kennedy’s personality and vigor, his death was mourned greatly, however, he laid to rest the myth that a Catholic could not be trusted with the presidency.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Lyndon Baines Johnson- Texan Politician who had adopted conservatism to win elections to the Senate by a narrow margin “Landslide Lyndon” where he soon began exercising his masterful abilities
The Johnson Treatment- Following Johnson’s ascension to the seat of Democratic Majority Leader, his power was second only to Eisenhower, this allowed him to do what he wished to opponents and his ability/power was named the Johnson Treatment
Civil Rights Act of 1964- Passed by LBJ as a Eulogy to JFK, met 24 hours and 18 minutes of filibustering by former dixiecrat candidate in the election of 1948 Strom Thurmond, this act prevented segregation in public places, increased government power to de-segregate schools and other public places and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to eliminate discrimination in hiring, conservatives tacked onto this bill a supplement that all it said about ethnicities should apply to women thinking it would prevent the measure from passing, but it backfired and passed, becoming a landmark piece of legislation for women and minorities
Affirmative Action- Policy of using race as a medium of selection, enforced by LBJ’s executive mandate to be used with federal contractors
War on Poverty- Launched by LBJ shortly after he passed a tax bill of Kennedy’s , this was to be a billion dollar war, LBJ was moved by areas like the Appalachia
“Great Society”- LBJ’s name for his administration’s domestic program, using New Deal economics to assist the quality of life of Americans
The Other America-by Michael Harrington, helped start the War on Poverty as it revealed 20% of Americans lived in poverty and 40% of Africa American population did so as well
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Barry Goldwater- Republican Nomination in the 1964 election, hailing from Arizona who attacked welfare, social security, the TVA, civil rights, nuclear test ban and the Great Society, was marketed successfully by democrats as a gunslinger who would “Barry” the US due to his warlike nature
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- a 1964 flare-up from the north Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin caused LBJ to pass this resolution giving him exclusive power over war in Southeast Asia, he claimed this while stating that he wanted “No Wider War”
Negative Ad- used first by LBJ against Goldwater, emphasizing the anti-nuclear ban or pro nuclear weapons nature of Goldwater
LBJ won because Americans were fond of his similarity to Eisenhower, had faith in “The great Society” and feared the living heck of Goldwater, the philosophy of LBJ easily won. LBJ won the presidency along with the senate and Congress
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Office of Economic Opportunity- Congress increased its funds for the War on terror, doubling them from 1 to 2 billion, 1 billion set aside for Appalachia
Department of Transportation- New office created by LBJ
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)- Created by LBJ with first black cabinet secretary, economist Robert C Weaver
National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities- Created by LBJ to lift cultural life of the United States
Big Four of LBJ- LBJ’s four largest contributions through “The Great Society” were to immigration, elderly social security, education and voting rights
Social Security
Medicare- for elderly
Medicaid- for poor/indigent
Both would improve material life of Americans but would undermine economic status of the US, dramatically reducing poverty
Head Start- assisted education of underprivileged children
Education
Entitlements- set aside for students instead of schools, also used to divert attention to LBJ’s stance of separation of Church and State
Immigration
Immigration and Nationality Act 1965- overturned the immigration quotas set in 1921 now setting the cap on western European immigrants at 120,000 and also provided for the admission of close relatives of US citizens, new immigrants came from East Asia and South America
New Voting Rights Bill (Voting Rights Act of 1965)
LBJ’s big four, voting rights, social security, education and immigration reform guaranteed that his “Great Society” would be one that looked out for its citizens significantly more than the one before it.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Voting Rights Act of 1965- abolished literacy tests and placed voting registrars in southern states
Ballot Denying Legislation- Used profoundly in the South to prevent poor blacks from voting, poll tax, literary test and intimidation were popular, Mississippi had a policy of publishing the names of African Americans applying to vote 2 weeks before the actual voting
Twenty-forth Amendment- 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal and state elections
Freedom Summer- summer of 1964 where northern white and black students helped southern blacks register for voting
Mississippi murders-1964 the bodies of 2 white and 1 black civil rights activists were found, FBI arrested 21 whites including the local sheriff in connection to the killings, but the white jury refused to sentence any of them
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party- denied a seat at the national democratic convention
Selma, Alabama- 50% African American but only 1% African American voters, MLK moved here to begin a march in 1965 from there to Montgomery to give black citizens the vote, state troopers assaulted the marchers with tear gas and whips, 1 black minister was killed, LBJ passed the Voting rights act of 1965
Following the 1965 voting act, blacks gained power and southern states actually saw an increase in the numbers of Blacks for the first time as industries and governments tried actively to capitalize on this new voting bloc
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Watts- A black Ghetto in Los Angeles that erupted into revolution following the Voting Rights Act of 1965 during which blacks raided their own communities, affair left 31 blacks and 3 whites dead, preceded riots in Newark, Detroit and Los Angeles
Malcolm X- radical/ separatist Black Leader who was formerly a Nation of Islam member who was a leading figure in the new generation of Black rights leaders
Elijah Muhammed- Founder of the Nation of Islam who had recruited Malcolm X as a member and later planned Malcolm’s assassination when Malcolm left the NoI
Black Panthers- Black Power advocators who were very popular in Oakland, California, blatantly used weapons
Stokely Carmichael- leader of the Student National Coordinating Committee who advocated fro separatism along with the doctrine of Black Power
African American Culture Surge- Blacks in the 1960s began demonstrating and flaunting their African American culture and roots by emphasizing Afro hairstyles and shed their white names for ones reflecting their origins this relected well the separatist stage of the civil rights movement
More schools were integrated in the south than in the north, also there were now more blacks in the north and west than in the south.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Dominican Republic- LBJ announced in1965 the presence of communism and sent in 25,000 American troops to settle down the dispute despite the lack of evidence of such an influence present in the area
Operation Rolling Thunder- began following a 1965 Viet Cong assault upon an American Air Base at Pleiku, start of bombing raids on North Vietnam and American soldiers were given directions to land and to start looking for Viet Cong in the juggles of South Vietnam, 185,000 soldiers in Vietnam before the end of 1965
South Vietnam became more and more corrupt as America continued to call it a Bastion of Democracy.
Annual bill in 1968 for Vietnam was 30 Billion
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
Six-Day War 1967- Launched by Israel against its neighbors, by the end of the conflict, Israel had more than quadrupled in size and controlled Jerusalem along with 1 million Palestinian Arabs
Increased Middle Eastern tension, pitted Israelis against Palestinian Yasir Arfat head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Teach-ins- Student rebellions against the Vietnam War and draft
William Fulbright- Arizona Senator who launched a series of televised interviews to air views on the Vietnam war, mostly anti-war views
Credibility Gap- Created between the Win-nability of the Vietnam conflict
Shady LBJ
CIA- Ordered to defy its doctrine as a foreign intelligence agency to spy on antiwar activists
FBI- Ordered to turn its counterintelligence program, Cointelpro against the doves (antiwar folk)
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Tet Offensive- 1968 offensive by the Viet Cong on 26 major cities in South Vietnam, including the Capital of Saigon during the Vietnamese new year (Tet), though beaten back, this signaled that the war was not going to end soon and also brought to the minds of American citizens the thought that they were fighting determined individuals trying to rid themselves of a corrupt government, in response, American military leaders called for 200,000 more men in Vietnam
Challengers of LBJ (in Democratic Party)
Eugene McCarthy- Minnesota Dove who had advocated his followers to “go clean for gene”
Robert E. Kennedy- Brother of JFK who was also a dove
LBJ’s last National Address 1968- Announced a freeze on number of troops in Vietnam as well as a promise to not run in the election so as to maintain the Status Quo in Vietnam while maintaining national security
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
Hubert Humphrey- Vice President of LBJ and candidate to 1968 election
Robert Kennedy- Assassinated by a young Arab Immigrant who hated Kennedy’s pro Israel ideas
Democratic Convention- at Chicago Convention Hall (Fort Daley), surrounded by angry anti war doves who had just lost Kennedy, Humphrey edged out Eugene McCarthy and promised to turn up the pressure in Vietnam as LBJ had done until the Viet Cong were more willing to negotiate
Richard Nixon- Republican nominate and winner of the election of 1948, advocated a policy of “Law and Order” at home and fighting until a honorable peace (American Victory) was reached in Vietnam
Spiro T Agnew- Vice Presidential Candidate of Richard Nixon, strongly against dissidents and Black militants, contributed to the “Law and Order” of Nixon’s campaign
George Wallace- Third party candidate in 1948 election, from the deep south, and inheritor of the Dixiecrat mantle, with former air force general Curtis LeMay, promoted infinite segregation along with bombing Vietnamese “back to the stone age”, gained largest 3rd party vote ever in history and continued to wield this power
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Nixon was a minority president who was able to gain his position due to the fact that his opponents were deeply divided among themselves, therefore Nixon didn’t need to promise anything, and he didn’t to the public.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
No president had done more for civil rights since Lincoln and LBJ’s “Great Society” and Big Four (Education, Immigration, Voting act of 1965 and Social Security) served to increase the national material wealth of the nation. However, LBJ followed in the foolish steps of Eisenhower and JFK in continuing the conflict in Vietnam and cost many young Americans their lives, in the end though, he did more harm than good as his “Great Society” programs sucked valuable tax dollars from the economy in its quick fix of social issues that cost the nation the opportunity to fix its economy and better raise the living standards of Americans without putting the federal government in dept.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
Berkeley- Free Speech Movement in 1964 against a campus ban on the use of campus space for political debate
Sexual Revolution-
Birth Control Pill created and allowed for new popularity of sexual activities
Mantachine Society- founded in Los Angeles in 1951 pioneer advocate of Gay rights
Widening Worries of STDs slowed
Stonewall Inn 1969- Brutal attack on Gay men by police energized the Gay movements with electrifying militancy
Students for a Democratic Society
LSD/ marijuana- Started as experiments lead to drug moguls of the underworld, byproduct of youth movement
3 P’s of the Youth Movement caused the upheaval of the 1960s
-Youthful population bulge
-Protest against racism
-Permanence (apparent) of prosperity
Due to the realization that America was infested with racism, sexism and imperialism, the young people of the 1960s set out to look for new purpose in their lives, traditional sources of values such as family and religion were seen as untrustworthy, “trust no one over thirty” was the motto of the young. The counterculture sprang up to challenge the establishments of times past and was started with the 3 P’s, population bulge of the young, Protests against racism and bias and the apparent Permanence of prosperity. However, this youthful spirit was steamrolled in the 1970s as the youth began looking for work and hit the harsh realities of life.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
Personally, the rough and tumble nature of the 1960s were on the whole destructive. Starting at culture, the counter culture of the 60s wrote a whole new chapter in the book of life for America. Socially, Civil Rights advanced at a speed previously though impossible or serverly unlikely, economically, the “Great Society” temporarily eliminated the problem of poverty but its high taxes ensured the persistance of the issue, militarily, the Nation hit a curb stomp and hit it hard with our unreasonable treatment of our South American neighbors as well as our insitance to support a corrupt regime in Vietnam, sacrificing needlessly american lives and money. Culture and Civil rights aside, the US steped backward Economically and Internationally, causing me, a student among many things, to see this decade as one of negative progress.
Chapter #39 IDENTIFICATIONS
Spiro Agnew
Vice President of Nixon, forced to resign due to revealing of fact that he had accepted bribes by Maryland Contractors as both Governor and Vice President.
Henry Kissinger
Secretary of State of Nixon
Earl Warren
Supreme court justice who pushed for civil rights legislation as well as the attention of president Eisenhower.
Warren Burger
New Supreme court Justice implemented by Nixon following Earl Warren, meant to be conservative and overturn Warren’s policies, ends up passing Roe v. Wade, legalizaing abortion, Nixon, you mad bro?
George McGovern
Democratic Cantidate in 1972 election, supported anti war movement alongn with minorities and women’s rights, his liberal stance, and Thomas Eagleton Vice President (who had previously gone into psychiatric care) lost him the presidency to Nixon.
John Dean
Prosecutor of Richard Nixon following the Watergate Scandal, called out Nixon and top whitehouse officials for their corruption.
Shah of Iran
Mohamad Rheza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran installed by both the US and England, finally removed when the Iranians rebelled in 1979
Aytollah Khomeini
Leader of the Iranian Revolution
Détente
Period of Relaxed tensions between america and Russia first started by JFK when he decided to denounce the views of Rhinehold Niebur
Vietnamization
Nixon’s initial policy of removing 540,000 men from the Vietnam War
Nixon Doctrine
Also known as the Guam Doctrine or the “Silent Majority Speech” in which
My Lai massacre
American Massacre of an entire Vietnamese Massacre, men, women and children
Kent State Killings
Students in Kent State Ohio were protesting the Vietnam war when they were shot by National Guard, 4 dead, many injured.
Pentagon Papers
Revelations made by the New York Times that the Johnson and Kennedy Administrations had both instigated the Gulf of Tonkin incident, leading to less trust of the American goverment
S.A.L.T
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- first signed between Nixon and Khruschev and then between Carter and Khruschev.
Watergate Scandal
Scandal discovered when agents of CREEP were found planting bugs in the Democratic headquarters at Watergate Apartment Complex. Lead to discovery of multiple republican scandals, such as the forging of documents to make the democrats look band and the using of the Internal Revenue Service to bully civilians.
C.R.E.E.P
Comitteee for the Re-Eleection of President nixon.
War Powers Act
Passed by Congress over the veto of Nixon, state that the president would have to report to Congress within 2 days of taking military action.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Iran Hostage Crisis
Started when american ambassador office people were taken hostage by the Iranaians who offered a trade for them and Mohammad Reza Pahlevi.
Chapter #39 Guided Reading Questions
Sources of Stagnation
Know: Productivity, Inflation
1. Describe the economic problems faced by the United States in the 1970s.
Productivity- sank following the super-productive 40s and 50s
Inflation- caused by combination of social welfare and military spending, especially in the LBJ term
The US was now facing a problem the likes of which never before witnessed in the states, a decrease in productivity and stagnation in life quality. Quality was only able to stay adrift due to the addition of working women’s salaries in the new family. US overconfidence was also a cause of poor economic status, as following WWII, the Americans were unchallenged in any and every industry, removing all incentive for them to modernize their industries, the price of these actions was this stagnation.
Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War
Know: Liberal Establishment, Vietnamization, Silent Majority, Nattering Nabobs of Negativism, My Lai
2. What was President Nixon’s plan for getting the dd out of Vietnam?
Liberal Establishment- The Presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower (liberal republican), JFK and LBJ, all of which, with the obvious exception of Eisenhower, were resented by Nixon
Vietnamization- Nixon’s policy in Vietnam of removing 540,000 men and training/supplying the South Vietnamese to victory
Silent Majority- the large group of Americans presumed by Nixon to have supported the Vietnam war since its beginning
Nattering Nabobs of Negativism- Sneer used by Nixon against antiwar doves, he instructed his vice president to attack those who fell under this label
My Lai- A Vietnamese village that was subjected to wholesale slaughter by the American troops, women and children included, this crushed the already failing morality of the nation.
Nixon still wanted his promised honorable peace (victory) in Vietnam, but he had to satisfy the anti war people at home, which was accomplished by his vietnamization. Seeking a quick end, Nixon ordered an attack from South Vietnam on neighboring Cambodia, which had been assisting North Vietnam.
Cambodianizing the Vietnam War
Know: Cambodia, Kent State University, Twenty-sixth Amendment, Pentagon Papers, Daniel Ellsberg
3. What developments caused many people to become even more critical of the war in 1970 and 1971?
Cambodia- Used by the North Vietnamese as a station from which attacks were launched and where men were resupplied and armed, Nixon ordered on 1970 that all communist havens be cleaned from Cambodia, Nixon withdrew troops from Cambodia after only 2 months, causing further disillusionment of the American people
Kent State University- This Ohio university erupted in protest immediately following Nixon’s declaration of war, National Guard arrived, fired into the crowd, killing 4
Jackson State College-This Mississippian school rebelled as well, Highway Patrol killed 2
“Whitey’s War’- Term representing the increasing discontent, especially from African Americans who were drafted into the war in disproportionate ways
Period of Draftability- lowered form 8 year window to 1 year window, also including a lottery
Twenty-Sixth Amendment- Lowers voting age to 18
Pentagon Papers- A review by the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg
that revealed the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson Administration especially in their provocation of the Gulf of Tonkin incident
Nixon's Detente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow
Know: Henry Kissinger, Détente, ABM Treaty, SALT Treaty, MIRVs
4. What was the “China Card,” and how did Nixon use it?
Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security Advisor, due to his years spent pent up in Harvard, he developed a cynical world view, as critics of him say.
Sino-Russo Tension- in the 1970s, China and Russia were sharply disagreeing upon the Marxist Doctrine, Nixon sought this opportunity to pit the two against each other so as to weaken both and maybe also settle down Vietnam.
China Visit- 1971
Shanghai Communiqué- highpoint of Nixon’s 1971 visit to china during which he discussed and agreed for China and America to “normalize” their relationship, also, Nixon agreed to the acceptance of the “One China” policy, loosening his commitment to protecting the sovereignty of Taiwan.
Russia Visit- 1972
“China Card”- played by Nixon in 1972 for the purpose of pressuring the Soviet Union back into a state of Détente. “Backed” by China and lots of food, the US agreed to sell the Soviets 750 million dollars worth of food over the next three years in exchange for the Soviets agree to the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which limited both nations to two clusters of defensive missiles, and also the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which aimed at limiting the number of nuclear missiles in both nations at 1972 numbers for the next five years.
(Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles) MIRVs- First developed by the US following the SALT, designed to oversaturate and therefore overwhelm missile defense systems, developed by the USSR almost right after.
Chile- Strong point of contention for Nixon, who openly criticized the legitimate election of Marxist Salvador Allende and proceeded to launch an embargo on his administration. Following Allende’s demise at the hands of military general Augusto Pinochet’s rebellion, Nixon proceeded to openly support the Pinochet administration.
A New Team on the Supreme Bench
Know: Judicial Activism, Miranda, Engel v. Vitale, Warren Berger, Roe v. Wade
5. Why was Nixon unhappy with the Supreme Court?
“Judicial Activism”/ “Permissiveness”- Alleged aspects of the Supreme Court under Earl Warren that Nixon had criticized.
Griswold v. Connecticut- Supreme Court Struck down a law prohibiting the use of contraceptives, even among married couples, a indication of the court’s support for sexual freedom
Gideon v. Wainwright- Supreme Court decided that defendants in serious criminal cases were entitled to legal representatives if they were too poor to afford it
Escobedo and Miranda- Two different cases that both guaranteed the right of the accused to remain silent and to enjoy other protections when accused of a crime
New York Times v. Sullivan- SC ruled that public figures could only sue for libel only if they could prove that malice had motivated their defamers
Engle v. Vitale and School District of Abington Township v. Schempp- SC decided that schools could not legally force students to read prayers on basis of the first amendment
Renolds v. Sims- Court ruled that the upper and lower houses of state legislatures must restructure according to human population in districts to avoid over representation
States Righters and Right Wingers responded with “impeach Earl Warren”
Warren Berger- Nominated as the next Chief Justice following Earl Warren by Nixon along with 3 other conservatives, meant to strictly interpret constitution and dismantle the liberal rulings of the Warren Court
Roe V. Wade- The Ironic Berger Court decision to legalize abortion
Nixon on the Home Front
Know: Aid the Families with Dependent Children, Reverse Discrimination, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Silent Spring, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Southern Strategy
6 How conservative was President Nixon? Explain.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)- approved by Nixon along with Food Stamps and Medicaid
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)- Created by Nixon to assist the blind, aged an
Philadelphia Plan- requiring guilds to establish timetables and goals for the hiring of black apprentices, to weaken liberalism
Nixonian Affirmative Action/ Reverse Discrimination- Nixon changed affirmative action from the prevention of discrimination upon minorities to the purposeful positive discrimination of minorities
Griggs v. Power Co.-prohibiting the use of intelligence tests which could prevent minorities and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- 1970, created with Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Silent Spring- By Rachel Carson about the effects of DDT
1972 Congress decides to follow up environmentalist mood by prohibiting the construction of dams
to take action against creeping inflation, then at 5 %, Nixon imposed a ninety day price and wage freeze in 1971 and also took the US off the gold standard to devalue the dollar
Southern Strategy- developed by Nixon to gain majority, done so by appointing conservative judges, soft peddling civil rights and opposing de segregation
Was Nixon a conservative, yes, yes he was. His environmental actions that he took can only be seen as a buffer made for his social stand point, though his economic policies don’t necessarily reflect his nature, they were emergency measures
The Nixon Landslide of 1972
Know: George McGovern
7. How did the situation in Vietnam help Nixon win a landslide in the 1972 election?
1972 attack on DMZ- in spring of 1972 right before the election, the North Vietnamese launched an assault on South Vietnam through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), Nixon responded by heavily bombing the north in cludint the capital at Hanoi and also placing mines in north Vietnamese harbors to prevent
George McGovern- democratic candidate in 1972, advocated for complete end to the war, also appealed to minorities and women, and those appeals alienated the support of the working class that made up the backbone of the Democratic Party, he would loose due to this standing, his VP and the fact that the youth of America that he appealed to didn’t even bother to vote
Thomas Eagleton- Vice presidential candidate of George McGovern and the Democratic Party, the fact that he had formerly received psychiatric care eliminated all chance of a McGovern victory
“Democratic War”- Term used in Nixon’s campaign, Nixon stated that he had wound down the democratic war by reducing participants from 540,000 to 30,000
Ceasefire in 1973/ “peace with honor”- caused because Nixon launched a heavy two-week bombing raid on North Vietnam. Thinly veiled retreat from Vietnam that was announced as a victory.
Vietnam helped Nixon to win handedly due to the fact that it determined the course of the presidential election.
The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act
Know: Pol Pot, War Powers Act
8. What did Cambodia have to do with the War Powers Act?
Secret Bombings- discovered by the American public in 1973 that America had undergone 3,500 bombings of Cambodia, lead to severe distrust of government, as the government promised to respect Cambodian neutrality, following discovery, Nixon ruthlessly attacked Cambodia to help the rightest government, these attacks would shred the economy, government and people of Cambodia and would lead to the man known as Pol Pot Coming to power, a sadistic tyrant, Congress tried to prevent Nixon but they were unheeded each and every time
War Powers Act- passed over Nixon’s veto and required that the president report to congress within 24 hours of declaring war, passed in response to the overwhelm war powers of LBJ and Nixon, but mostly due to Nixon’s unstoppable war in Cambodia
”New Isolation”- new mood of caution and restraint brought on by War Powers Act
Draft Suspension 1973- eased tensions among draft-aged people
Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table
9. "The shaky `peace' was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat." Explain.
America said all right, lets stop fighting, but in doing so they puled out all American forces and allowed North Vietnam to retain 30% of South Vietnam.
The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis
Know: OPEC
10. Explain the cause and effects of the Arab Oil Embargo.
Egyptian-Syrian allied assault- attacked Israel in 1973, reclaiming all territories lost during the 6-day war, Henry Kissinger, then Secretary of State, then flew to Moscow to stop the Russians from supplying the Egyptians and Syrians, learning that the Russians were planning an air raid on Israel, Nixon ordered national nuclear weapons on alert and also gave the command for 2 billion in war supplies to be shipped to Israel, this allowed them to make a savage counterattack that threatened Cairo until the US forced both sides to sue for peace
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- decided to retaliate against the US for helping Israel by launching a 5 month Oil Embargo, this was when the US first realized its dependence on foreign oil, followed by a quadrupling of Oil prices for the United States
International Energy Agency (IEA)- founded by US in attempt counter OPEC
1991- US finally attacks Iraq to protect its Oil Interests
Watergate and the Unmaking of a President
Know: Watergate, CREEP, Enemies List, Plumbers, John Dean, Executive Privilege, Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Massacre
11. Of what wrongdoing was the Nixon administration guilty?
Watergate- an apartment-office complex in Washington that discovered individuals planting “Bugs”, these individuals belonged to CREEP (Committee for the Re- Election of the President) following its discovery was a series of discoveries of Republican actions of fraud sucha s forging documents undermining the credibility of the Democratic party and using the Internal Revenue Service to harass innocent citizens on the White House “Enemies list”. Spiro Agnew, the Vice President was later forced to resign for taking bribes from Maryland Contractors as governor and vice president, Congress invoked the 25 Amendment, appoints a twelve-term Congressman, Gerald Ford, as Vice President. John Dean III, a top lawyer, accused Nixon and other top White House Officials. It was then revealed by an White House Aide, that secret taping systems had recorded all of Nixon’s conversations, when asked to produce said tapes by the Senate, Nixon initially refused, performed the controversial Saturday Night Massacre (Firing the white house prosecutor on the case and then the attorney general and deputy attorney general for going against Nixon so). Nixon then gave limited tapes blotting out parts he considered “Executive Privilege”, when pressed harder to reveal all the tapes, Nixon at last revealed that he was a chief and active party in these scandals, with impeachment at hand, Nixon resigned.
The First Unelected President
12. Did President do the right thing when he pardoned Nixon? Explain.
Ford entered with a disadvantage, he was seen as the dumb lollygagging football player.
He signed the Helsinki accords with 37 countries in 1975
-Official end to WWII, recognizing the soviet bounders of Poland and other Eastern European countries
-Promotion of liberal exchanges of information and people between east and west
-Russia providing for basic human rights
-good in that this temporarily relaxed tensions, bad in that this was furthering the 1 way street nature that Detente was meant to be as the US was giving food and money and getting little back
Due to Russian human rights violations in 1974 congress added restrictions to US-Russo trade bill
No way no how, it was wrong politically and morally. Politically, Gerald Ford made a huge error in giving a free pass to one of the worst criminals in American politics, morally he did the same as forgiving a liar, cheat, robber and usurper all in one.
Defeat in Vietnam
13. What was the cost (not in just money) of the Vietnam War?
1975 North Vietnamese finally take South Vietnam
Americans had to be evacuated via helicopter
140,000 Vietnamese refugees welcomed into America
Cost of 118 billion, 56,000 men, American pride and international immage
Feminist Victories and Defeats
Know: Title IX, ERA, Roe v. Wade
15. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?
Women’s march on 1970- 50th anniversary of Women’s rights
Title IX 1972- prohibiting sexual discrimination in any federally assisted educational program, paving the way for the “Title IX generation”
Equal Right Amendment (ERA)- stated that no state may deny or abridge the equality under the law on account of gender
Reed v. Reed/ Frontiero v. Richardson- Supreme court challenged sexual discrimination legislation
Roe v. Wade- legalized abortion
The Bigots Strike Back- Nixon vetoed a proposal for a national day care, Antifeminists blamed feminism for the rising divorce rate and the Catholic Church attacked abortion
These prevented the ERA from passing, failed by 3 states’ votes
Makers of America: The Vietnamese 16. What difficulties did Vietnamese immigrants experience when they came to America?
Upon arrival, the Vietnamese were stuffed into concentration camps created for the purpose of rapid assimilation into American society; these camps were despised as they stripped the people of their ancient cultures. The immigrants were meant to be spread around to suburbs, and rural districts, but scant job opportunities made them congregate in large cities.
The Seventies in Black and White
Know: Desegregation, white flight, and affirmative action, United States v. Wheeler
17. Explain the significance of the Bakke case.
Milliken v. Bradley (1974)- De- Segregated schools could not require students to move across school district lines, decision exempted suburban districts from shouldering any part of the burden of de segregating inner- city schools, thereby reinforcing “White Flight” from cities to suburbs and isolating de-segregation to only the poorest districts in the cities
Affirmative Action was now being labeled as reverse discrimination, exactly as Richard Nixon planned it to be when he first passed the Philadelphia plan
Case of Alan Bakke shocked the Nation, in a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court decided that his admission to the UC Davis School of Medicine could not be denied due to his ethnicity, appalled Black Justice Thurgood Marshall, who said that this one action would set back the entire civil rights movement
Native Americans also made significant headway, seizing Alcatraz in 1970 and Wounded Knee in 1972, they were given unique and limited sovereignty in US v. Wheeler.
The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory
Know: Jimmy Carter
18. Why did Jimmy Carter win the presidency in 1976?
1976 Election between Gerald Ford on Republican Side and James Earl Carter on Democratic Side. Campaigned with saying “I’ll Never Lie to You”
Started with democrats winning both houses of congress, created Department of Energy and cut taxes. Kept campaign promise of pardoning draft evaders of Vietnam War.
Makers of America: The Feminists
19. Compare and contrast the first and second feminist waves.
First Wave- Elizabeth Stanton, founded during chaos of Abolition Era
Second Wave- Betty Friedan, founded during chaos of Civil Rights Era, noticeably more diverse and radical than first wave, NOW (National Organization for Women) and WITCH (Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)
Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy
Know: Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, Camp David Accords
20. Describe Carter's foreign policy achievements.
Andrew Young- U.N. Ambassador Of Jimmy Carter, assisted Carter’s policies of human rights coupled with foreign policy
Carter hosted the Camp David Accords between Anwar Sadat and Meachem Begin, respective leaders of Egypt and Israel, in return for Israel giving back the lands taken during the 6- day war, Egypt was to respect the Israeli borders, the two agreed to sign a peace treaty.
Carter also resumed full democratic relations with China and signed a treaty giving back to Panama the Panama Canal in the year 2000.
Cubans however, supported by Russians, entered Africa to help set up leftist regimes.
Economic and Energy Woes
Know: Shah of Iran
21. How did Carter react to the renewed energy crisis?
Despite a slight drop in inflation rates under Ford, the rates were soaring during Carter’s Administration, prices were going up, small business were floundering, Carter eventually realized that the heavy American dependence on Oil was the cause of all this, but his Energy Conservation policies bit the dust at the hands of an indifferent American public. Carter than paid the price for the cheap oil that Eisenhower and England bought with their blood money by installing Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran, the Iranians revolted at last, cutting America from its Iranian Oil. Pressed up against the wall, Carter called for 100 leaders to give him council at Camp David, he eventually gave his “Malaise Speech” denouncing materialism and saying that the American people have lost touch with moral character, he then proceeded to fire 4 cabinet secretaries to reorganize his staffing.
Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio
Know: Leonid Brezhnev, SALT II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Afghanistan, Hostage Crisis
22. What foreign policy problems plagued the second half of Carter's presidency?
Leonid Brezhnev- Soviet Leader following Khruschev, signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) with Carter, right after, the Iranians finally took back their lands from the imposed tyrant Pahlevi, and at the same time, the soviets launched an attack on Afganistan seeking to control the oil supply of the world as well, they were met with fierce resistance, and thus Afghanistan was named Russia’s Vietnam. The Americans boycott the Olympics in Moscow and also placed an embargo on the USSR. All of this happened during the Iranian hostage Crisis 1979, during which the Iranians demanded Pahlevi to answer for his crimes, and the americans, the bastions of global peace refused them. After a faliure to rescue the hostages. American world immage further plummeted. Chapter #40: IDENTIFICATIONS
Edward Kennedy
Brother of JFK, Democratic Senator.
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian leader who met at the Camp David Accords with Israeli leader Meachem Begin moderated by President Nixon to discuss the prospect of peace
Geraldine Ferraro
First Woman on major party ticket, vice presidential nominate of Walter Mondale in the 1984 election
Jesse Jackson
One of the “Seven Dwarfs” who vied for presidency following president Nixon.
Sandra Day O'Connor
Conservative nominate by reagan to the Supreme court
"Supply-side economics"
Reaganomic practice of lowering taxes and cutting government budget
Moral Majority
political party of Religious Right Jerry Falwell
Grenada Invasion
By Reagan to take control after insurgency of leftists.
Strategic Defense Initiative
Started By Reagan as his game of soviet defeat via next gen spending war/ arms race
Reverse Discrimination
label placed on Nixonian affirmative action policy of biasing twoards minorities
Sunbelt
Virginia to California, new population center, post WWII
Roe v. Wade
Burger Court Decision to allow abortion
Chapter #40 Guided Reading Questions
The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980
Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, “ABC” movement
1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?
New Right- movement in response to the counter culture of 1960s, denouncing, abortion, pornography, homosexuals, feminism and affirmative action, championed prayer in schools and tougher criminal penalties, combined with old right to form a formidable force
“NeoConservatives”- Small but influential group of thinkers, including Norman Podhoretz, Irving Kristol reacting against liberalism of 1960s and big government, questioned affirmative action
“ABC Movement”- Anybody But Carter movement in the Democratic Party
Reagan was able to win due to his overwhelming popularity along with the divisiveness of the democratic party among its self.
The Reagan Revolution
Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, “welfare state,” “boll weevils”
2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?
Iranian hostage Release- happened on same day as Nixon’s inauguration
Nixon denounced the government as the problem and proceeded to ask for huge cuts in taxes, many were succumbing to this idea. California had a Tax rebellion in relation to this, when it passed proposition 13, drastically slashing property tax and forcing painful cuts on the government. Nixon also won over to his philosophy a group of southern conservative democrats known as the Boil Weevils.
The Battle of the Budget
Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, “yuppies”
3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?
Reagan was convinced that heavy tax cuts along side strict budget monitoring or “Supply Side Economics” would save the economy, however, that’s simply was not what happened, unemployment soared to 11 percent, several banks failures and the Auto Industry’s worst performance ensued along with the Reagan Recession of 1982. When the economy finally started moving a little, it was moving in the wrong direction, the gap between rich and poor widened, as seen with the emergence of “yuppies”, or young and really rich urban professionals
Reagan Renews the Cold War
Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, “Solidarity,” Olympic boycott
4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?
Reagan had the strategy of starting a new round of the arms race that was so fabulously expensive that the Soviets would not be able to keep up, immediately following, he would negotiate with the soviets from a position of overwhelming strength. He began his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) commonly known as Star Wars, to build a space shield or an Astrodome over the United States. US-Soviet Relations further worsened when Poland was crushing the liberal group as Solidarity by imposing martial law, in response, America began an embargo against Poland and Russia. Relations worsened when the USSR blew a Korean airplane out of the sky, claiming it was in Russian airspace, this plane was akin to the Lusitania of WWI, as it contained American citizens. The Soviet Bloc would subsequently boycott the s
Troubles Abroad
Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, “Teflon president,” Sandinistas, “contra” rebels
5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.
Israel opened settlements on its occupied west bank (creating international tension) and also invaded neighboring Lebanon to rid the Palestine guerilla fighters that had been terrorizing Israel, Reagan sent men into Lebanon to keep peace, but withdrew them after a foreseeable and devastating terrorist attack, he received no political damage for this devastating attack, causing him to be nicknamed the “Teflon President”.
In South America, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua was loudly denouncing America; Carter had enough sense to ignore them, Reagan Shouted back at them with double the fury. After noticing that the Sandinista Nicaragua was shipping weapons to the leftists of El Salvador, Reagan invaded El Salvador, and instructed the CIA to help the Contra rebels defeat the Nicaraguan anti American Sandinistas (he also ordered the mining of Nicaraguan shores). When the island governor of Grenada was killed by a leftist insurgency, Reagan conquered the island.
Round Two for Reagan
Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty
6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?
Walter Mondale- Reagan’s Democratic adversary in the election of 1984, he named congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro as vice president, the first time that a woman has appeared on a major party ticket. He lost because he was the Vice President of Carter.
Mikhail Gorbachev ascended to the Chairmanship of the USSR and announced two news making policies, Glasnost, or openness, which would allow free speech and political freedom. Also announced was Perestroika, or restructuring of the Russian economy by adopting free market policies. As the latter of the two policies required large amounts of money, Gorbachev announced an end to putting Immediate-range Nuclear Forces (INFs) near Western Europe and opened talks with Reagan to put an end to the cold war at last in May 1988 in the last of the Gorbachev-Reagan Summits.
Reagan was as tough as ever on his treatment of leftists, in 1986 he supported Corazon Aquino’s rebellion against dictator Fernando Marcos in the Philippines and also ordered an air raid on Libya for supporting terrorists that had bombed a disco place in west Germany.
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio
Know: Iran-contra affair
7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.
America faced 2 problems at the same time, in bloody Lebanon, American citizens had been taken hostage by Muslim extremists, and in Nicaragua the Contra Rebels were having a hard time fighting against the Sandinista government. Reagan asked, pleaded and ordered congress to give money to the contras and was refused every time, until in 1985 he secretly brokered a deal selling weapons to the Muslim extremists in exchange for the hostages and giving the money to the Contras. Regan when asked about this scandal denied knowledge of it, this casted an unfavorable light on Reagan as incapable mental lightweight who had acted his way to the presidency but avoided Reagan’s crucifixion as one who would defy the checks and balances of congress.
Reagan’s Economic Legacy
Know: “Reaganomics”
8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?
Victory in Regan’s deluded sense that he had made social spending near impossible
Failure in that Reaganomics created grotesque deficits and debts ensuring that future generations of Americans would have to work harder and lower their standards of living, Reagan’s joke of a presidency that reduced debts but increased spending added 2 trillion to the national debt, making America a debtor country. It also decreased the median household income from 33,000 to 31,000.
The Religious Right
Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, “identity politics”
9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?
“Religious Right”- a group of conservative evangelical Christians
Jerry Falwell, evangelical minister founded political party, the Moral Majority used televangelists, TV and radio to aggressively advocate conservative causes
Reflection of the Stormy Sixties (they blocked drafting, the RR blocks abortion clinics)
Identity politics- used traditionally by ethnic groups, the RR used it to form religious and moral groups
Conservatism in the Courts
Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey
10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?
Sandra Day O’Connor- a conservative woman who was the first woman to be named to be Supreme Court, nominated by Reagan with two other conservatives
Memphis Firefighters Case- Conservative court said that job seniority outweighs race
Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia and Martin v. Wilks- court forced suing parties to prove discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to state that they were the victims of reverse discrimination
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services- Court compromised Roe v. Wade by approving a Missouri Law that imposed certain restrictions on abortion
Planned Parenthood v. Casey- states could place a restriction on abortion provided that it did not produce an unfair burden on the woman- Pennsylvania cannot force a woman to tell her husband but could force a minor to tell her parents.
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988
Know: “Black Monday,” “Seven Dwarfs”
11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?
Reaganomics were the death of Savings and Loan (S&L) Institutions, causing more bank collapses than all times in US history excluding the Great Depression, On “Black Monday”, the stock market crashed 508 points.
7 democrats sought the democratic ticket to exploit this obvious republican failing; they were called the “Seven Dwarfs” front runner Gary Hart dropped out due to sexual misconduct, African American Jesse Jackson dropped for the same reason, the nomination fell to Michael Dukakis, who was unfortunately boring and unwilling to exploit the many failings of the Reagan administration causing the win to be taken by republican candidate and Vice President of Reagan, George HW Bush.
George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, “ethnic cleansing,” Nelson Mandela
12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?
Bush stated that he would create a kinder and gentler America but was cold and indifferent during the Tiananmen Square incident when after the Chinese government crushed a liberal movement, following which Bush did nothing.
Communism was being toppled over like dominos in Eastern Europe, first in Poland with Solidarity then, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Romania, The Berlin Wall fell in December 1989.
In Russia, Old Guard Politicians instigated a military coup on Gorbachev, but Gorbachev with the help of Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian Republic (one of the several republics of the USSR), Gorbachev remained in power, following his resignation, and Yeltsin ruled the new Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) he signed the START II treaty with Bush in 1993 pledging to reducing both nation’s arsenals by 2/3 over 10 years.
Chechnyan Minority in Russia tried to rebel, brutally crushed; Western Europe struggled to contain the newly accepted and economically poorly off Eastern Europe. Yugoslavia also experienced horrible ethnic cleansing
Former war industries like aerospace and weapons manufacturing have to be shut down, economic collapse in some communities
South Africa liberates and elects Nelson Mandela
Contras beat Sandinistas in South America
El Salvador becomes peaceful
The Persian Gulf Crisis
Know: Saddam Hussein, “Operation Desert Storm” (“hundred-hour war”)
13. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?
Bush uses armies to quell Panama by taking out its drug lord leader Manuel Noriega
Iraq ruler Saddam Hussein had been in an 8 year war with Iran, needed money to pay debts, invaded Kuait in1989, the US had actually given Saddam his weapons, America in the 1980s hated Iran very much and Iraq was at war with Iran, so America used the thoughts of “The Enemy of My Enemy is My Friend”. The UN exercised its power for the first time here, America sent general Norman (“Stormin Norman”) Schwarzkopf to invade, Operation Desert Storm lasted 4 days, the hundred hour war forced Saddam to sue for peace
Bush on the Home Front
Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, “read my lips…”
14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- preventing discrimination against those with disabilities
Water Bill putting environment in front of agriculture
Bush was against civil rights bills for minorities and tried to veto bills making it easier to prove discrimination.
Clarence Thomas- Bush’s African American conservative nomination to the supreme court
Anita Hill- Law Professor who accused Clarence Thomas of Sexual harassment, regardless, Thomas became the second Supreme Court justice
Due to the dying economy, Bush at last consented to adding to taxes, breaking his campaign pledge “read my lips, no new taxes”.
Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?
Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will
15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.
Social, Eocnomic and Political, the biggest factor was likely social, public perception and morality were the maker and breakers of presidents and politicians in this new and changing age. Are you APUSHover? How does it feel the finish your second AP resource book? Explain Three words, Exhausted, Excited and Elated